S factor. See Slope-steepness factor. - National Resources Inventory S wave - Shear, secondary, rotational, tangential, equivoluminal, distortional, transverse, or shake wave. These waves carry energy through the Earth in very complex patterns of transverse (crosswise) waves. These waves move more slowly than P waves, but in an earthquake they are usually bigger. S waves cannot travel through the outer core because these waves cannot exist in fluids, such as air, water or molten rock. - USGS Earthquake glossary S&M - Survey and Manage S&P - Standard and Poor's SA - Scenic America SA - Scenic Area SA - Scientific Analysis SA - Set-Aside SA - Shared Allegiance SA - Slated Agenda SA - Slotting Allowance SA - Snowmobiler's Association SA - Specialized Agendas (UN) SA - Specialized Audiences SA - Spray Activity SA - Statistical Area SA - Stewardship Assets (DOI) SA - Stock Assessment SA - Stockgrowers Association SA - Suitable Area SA - Surface Area SA - Sustainable Agriculture SAAC - Snowmobile and ATV (all-terrain vehicle) Advisory Committee SABMP - Selected Agricultural Best Management Practices SAC - Scientific Advisory Committee SAC - Southern Alleghenies Conservancy http://www.ctcnet.net/sac/ SAC - The Sporting Advisory Committee (SAC), appointed by the CWC -- Catskill Water Corporation -- works with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, the CWC, and, when requested, with local municipalities to provide input on city land uses. It has also provided comments on a plan the city is formulating which re-evaluates allowable recreational uses on watershed lands the city already owns. SAC - State Association of Counties SAC - Steering and Advisory Committees SAC - Sustainable Agriculture Coalition SACGT - Secretary's Advisory Committee on Genetic Testing SACOG - The Sacramento Area Council of Governments (California) Sacrifice Area/Site - In range management, a site allowed to be overgrazed to obtain efficient overall use of the management area. In cultural resource management, it may refer to a site intentionally sacrificed to extensive public use in order to preserve the larger cultural area. SAD - Selective Advocacy Document SAD - Supply And Demand Saddle - A structural implement or connector. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Saddle Formation - Shaped like a saddle or anticline. SAF - San Andreas Fault SAF - Second Amendment Foundation SAF - Society of American Foresters SAFC - Southern Appalachian Forest Coalition SAFE - Safe American Food for Everyone SAFE - Serving America's Farmworkers Everywhere (this is NOT what it appears; this is 'sustainable' 'Global Village' stuff) http://www.ruralinc.org SAFE - Student Association for Fire Ecology (A Student Chapter of The Association for Fire Ecology) Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) - P.L. 93-523 (December 16, 1974) as amended, is the key federal law for protecting public water systems from harmful contaminants. First enacted in 1974, the Act, as amended, is administered by the EPA through regulatory programs that establish standards and treatment requirements for drinking water contaminants, control underground injection of wastes that might contaminate water supplies, and protect ground and surface water sources. Regulated public water systems under the Act are those that have at least 15 service connections or regularly serve 25 or more individuals. The 1996 amendments (P.L. 104-182) broadened the definition of 'public water system' to include systems that deliver water through pipes or 'other constructed conveyances,' and intended to include agricultural irrigation systems that convey water through open viaducts or ditches (unless the water is not used for 'residential uses', or unless alternative water is provided for drinking and cooking; or unless water for drinking, cooking, and bathing is treated). The 1996 amendments also require states to identify, to the extent practicable, origins of contaminants in areas providing source waters for public water systems to determine the susceptibility of systems to contamination. Safe-site - The environment immediately surrounding a seed which is favourable to germination and establishment. Syn: microsite, microhabitat - NPS Ecology and Restoration Glossary Safe Water - Water that is safe for drinking and bathing including treated surface water and untreated but uncontaminated water, such as from springs, sanitary wells, and protected boreholes. (WB-UN) Safe Yield - The amount of ground water that can be withdrawn continually from an aquifer in an economical and legal manner without having any adverse effect on the ground water resource or on the surrounding environment. Safeguarding - Safeguarding is used interchangeably with conservation, preservation and protection in the Convention and the Operational Guidelines. See Conservation, Preservation, Protection - Glossary of World Heritage Terms Safer Pesticides - Pesticides designated as "safer" (or "reduced-risk") by EPA due to favorable characteristics affecting health or environmental risks, resistance management and integrated pest management. Safer pesticides may be conventional pesticides posing less risk or be biopesticides with unique modes of action, low use volume, lower toxicity, target species specificity or natural occurrence. - EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Glossary SAFETEA - The Safe, Accountable, Flexible and Efficient Transportation Equity Act of 2003, is the reauthorization of the national surface transportation law, TEA-21. - Federal Highway Administration, Department Of Transportation http://nepa.fhwa.dot.gov/ReNepa/ReNepa.nsf/9ba8442069238e44852568fe00708985/caee6fd9 cd5ea6b285256d260075b610/$FILE/Memorandum_Reauth_Rollout_5-12-03.doc (2-page memorandum, dated May 12, 2003) SAFSTOR - A method of decommissioning in which the nuclear facility is placed and maintained in such condition that the nuclear facility can be safely stored and subsequently decontaminated to levels that permit release for unrestricted use. - Nuclear Regulatory Commission SAG - Standards And Guidelines SAGE - Serial Analysis of Gene Expression SAGEMAP - This site is a portal for spatial data needed for research and management of sage grouse and shrubsteppe systems. http://sagemap.wr.usgs.gov/ SAI - Sustainable Agricultural Intensification SAICM - Strategic Approach on International Chemicals Management (UNEP) S & L - Savings and Loan SA/LW - Small Arms and Light Weapons SAL - Sub-Arctic Landscape Salable Minerals - High volume, low value mineral resources including common varieties of rock, clay, decorative stone, sand, and gravel. (BLM) Saleable Minerals - Minerals that may be sold under the Material Sale Act of 1947, as amended. Included are common varieties of sand, stone, gravel, and clay. - BLM (DOI) Grand Escalante Staircase National Monument DEIS Glossary 2. Common variety minerals on the public lands, such as sand and gravel, which are used mainly for construction and are disposed of by sales or special permits to local governments. See Common Variety Minerals and Uncommon Variety Minerals. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Salients - That portion of a fortification that projects towards the enemy. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Saline - Consisting of or containing salt. (NPS Rare Plant glossary) Saline deposits - Precipitated salts or salt found in or on the soil surface that result in reduced vegetative production or in the elimination of crops and grasses on agricultural lands. - National Resources Inventory Salinity - The amount of chemical salts (compounds that include Na, K, Mg, Ca) contained in a solution. - NPS Ecology and Restoration Glossary 2. (Amount of) salt in water or soil. - UNEP Children's Glossary Sally port - The protected entry way of a fortification. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary SALT - The Sandhills Area Land Trust Salt flats - Undrained areas in closed basins in arid regions. In these areas, 10 to 75 cm (4 to 30 in) of crystalline salt overlie stratified, very strongly saline sediment. The water table may be within 20 cm (8 in) of the surface at some period during the year. - National Resources Inventory Salting - (1) Providing salt as a mineral supplement for animals. (2) Placing salt on the range in such a manner as to improve distribution of livestock grazing. - USDA DEIS Upper & Lower East Fork Cattle and Horse Allotment Management Plans glossary (Sawtooth National Recreation Area, Sawtooth National Forest, Custer County, Idaho Salting - The act of introducing metals or minerals into a deposit or samples, resulting in false assays - done either by accident or with the intent of defrauding the public. (Author's note: salting may also apply to any business deal in which the balance of the deal is not what is shown or represented.) Salvage Harvest of Timber - Intermediate harvests made to remove trees that are dead or in imminent danger of being killed by injurious agents such as insects. Salvage logging - The harvest of dead, dying, damaged, or weak trees to prevent the spread of disease or insects and to reduce the risk of high intensity fire. - Bioenergy Glossary Salvage Rider - Section 2001 in the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1995 (P.L. 104-19, July 27, 1995) to expand salvage timber sales from July 27, 1995 through December 31, 1996, by exempting them from public challenges under environmental laws; also controversial because it reinstated numerous timber sales in Washington and Oregon that had been stopped to protect endangered and threatened species habitat. Salvage Sales - Timber sales form national forests to remove dead, infested, damaged, or down trees and associated trees for stand improvement; controversial partly because there are no standards for the number or proportion of trees that must be dead, infested, damaged, or down and partly because the Forest Service retains at least some of the revenues to prepare and administer future salvage sales. SAM - Situation Assessment Memorandum SAM - Soviet Active Measures (deception campaigns worldwide) SAM - Survey & Manage SAM - Sustainable Asset Management SAMI - Southern Appalachian Mountains Initiative SAMPAA - Science and Managment of Protected Areas Association Sample - A small portion of rock or a mineral deposit, taken so that the metal content can be determined by assaying. Sample point - The second-stage sample unit in the NRI two-stage sampling scheme. See also Primary sample unit. - National Resources Inventory Sampling - Selecting a fractional but representative part of a mineral deposit for analysis. Sampling frame - A list of sample units that: (a) includes all (100%) of the population of interest without duplication, (b) provides a clear cut means of identifying each sample unit, and (c) arranges these characteristics so that probability sampling can be done efficiently. -FAO UN Glossary Sampling unit - Represents elements or groups of elements of the universe under study, which can be selected in the sample. There may be sampling units of different levels, the lowest level being the element under study, i.e., agricultural holding. -FAO UN Glossary SAMS Coalition - Sierra Nevada Access Multiple Use Stewardship SAMUC - Southern Appalachian Multiple-Use Council SAN - Spirit And Nature SAN - Sustainable Agriculture Network (USDA) Sand - Sedimentary grains 2 -1/16 mm in diameter. - NPS Ecology and Restoration Glossary SANDAG - The San Diego Association of Governments (California) Sandhills - Xeric and sub-xeric longleaf pine communities on deep sandy soils. Also, the ecoregion encompassing the fall-line sandhills. - DOI/USFWS http://rcwrecovery.fws.gov/finalrecoveryplan.pdf Sand dunes - A Land cover/use subcategory under Barren land. A sand area with less than 5 percent vegetative cover. An accumulation of loose sand heaped by the wind, commonly found along low-lying seashores above high-tide level, more rarely on the border of large lakes or river valleys, as well as in various desert regions, where there is abundant dry surface sand during some part of the year. - National Resources Inventory Sandstone - A sedimentary rock consisting of grains of sand cemented together. Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures and Agreements - Measures to protect humans, animals, and plants from diseases, pests, or contaminants. The final act of the Uruguay Round of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations contains 'The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.' It applies to all sanitary (relating to animals) and phytosanitary (relating to plants) (SPS) measures that may have a direct or indirect impact on international trade. The SPS agreement includes a series of understandings (trade disciplines) on how SPS measures will be established and used by countries when they establish, revise, or apply their domestic laws and regulations. Countries agree to base their SPS standards on science, and as guidance for their actions, the agreement encourages countries to use standards set by international standard setting organizations. The SPS agreement seeks to ensure that SPS measures will not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate against trade of certain other members nor be used to disguise trade restrictions. In this SPS agreement, countries maintain the sovereign right to provide the level of health protection they deem appropriate, but agree that this right will not be misused for protectionist purposes or result in unnecessary trade barriers. A rule of equivalency rather than equality applies to the use of SPS measures. Sanitation - Maintaining clean, hygienic conditions that help prevent disease through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal. 'Access to sanitation' is a development indicator that refers to the percentage of the population with at least adequate excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Suitable facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with sewerage. To be effective, all facilities must be correctly constructed and maintained. (WB-UN) Sanitation - Pipes and treatment plants that drain sewage and refuse from houses. - UNEP Children's Glossary Sanitation facilities - Basic sewerage and drainage systems that collect waste water and then clean and redistribute it. (WB-UN) Sanitation Salvage - The removal of dead, damaged or susceptible trees primarily to prevent the spread of pests, pathogens or disease and promote forest health. Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOPs) - Refers to the cleaning procedures that meat and poultry plants use, both before and during production, to prevent contamination of products. Site-specific SSOPs were required to be implemented in January 1997 by all slaughter and processing plants, under the comprehensive pathogen reduction regulations issued by USDA in July 1996. Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1866) - The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a corporation was a PERSON, with all the rights of a person. Until then, the state legislatures could simply take a corporation that had done harm, revoke its charter and throw it out of the state. After the Santa Clara decision, corporations could also, for the first time, lobby legally and support candidates for public office in ways that had heretofore been illegal. This fed corporate influence on politics. The Santiago Declaration - In February 1995 in Santiago, Chile, the original 10 Montreal Process countries endorsed a statement of political commitment known as the "Santiago Declaration," together with a comprehensive set of seven criteria and 67 indicators for the conservation and sustainable management of temperate and boreal forests for use by their respective policy-makers at the national level. Argentina and Uruguay have since endorsed the Santiago Declaration and joined the Montreal process. The Santiago Declaration is an important step to implementing the UNCED Forest Principles and Agenda 21, and to furthering the joint commitment made by tropical timber consumer countries in January 1994 to the goal of achieving sustainable management of their respective forests by the year 2000. SAP - Set-Aside Program SAP - State Acquisition Project SAP - State Antidegradation Policy Sapling - A loose term for a young tree more than a few feet tall and an inch or so in diameter that is typically growing vigorously. Sapric soil material (muck) - The most highly decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk density, and the lowest water content at saturation of all organic soil material. - USDA Sapwood - The outer, active layer of tissue in a tree, lying just inside the cambium. - DOI/USFWS http://rcwrecovery.fws.gov/finalrecoveryplan.pdf Sapwood - The outer, light-colored wood of the tree trunk, which is more susceptible to attack by decay than the heartwood. - EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Glossary S&R - Search and Rescue SAR - Suspicious Action Report (banks, Post Office, etc.) SAR - Synthetic Aperture Radar (UN) SARA - Species At Risk Act (Canada) SARA - Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SARE - Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (USDA) SAS - Second Amendment Sisters SAS - Sustainable Agricultural Society SASE - Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission Sash - A moveable framework in which planes of glass are set, as in a window. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary SASHTO - The Southeastern Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials http://www.wvdot.com/sashto/default.asp SAT - Scholastic Aptitude Test SAT - Student Activist Training SATA - Sherman Anti-Trust Act Satellite imagery - Describes the images provided by satellites (SPOT, LANDSAT, etc.) and sometimes used for the cartographic preparation. -FAO UN Glossary Saturated Flow - Movement of water through soil by gravity flow, as in irrigation or during a rainstorm. Saturated Zone - The zone in a soil profile or geologic formation in which all pore spaces are filled with water. SAV - Suburban Amenity Values (UN) Savanna - Tropical grasslands with scattered trees or shrubs. - NPS Ecology and Restoration Glossary SAVE - Student Actions and Values for the Environment (Hawaii) Savings - Income not used for current consumption. See also gross domestic saving rate and gross domestic investment rate. - WB SAW - Significantly Altered Wetlands Sawtimber - Trees containing at least one 12 foot sawlog or two non-contiguous eight foot logs, and meeting regional specifications for freedom from defect, that are nine inches in diameter at breast height or larger that can be made into lumber. SB - Sediment Basin SB - Shelterbelts SB - A Supporting Business/Supporting Businesses SBC - Santa Barbara (California) Channelkeeper SBC - Seismic Building Code SBC - Soviet Bloc Country SBCCI - Southern Building Code Congress International (Standard Housing Code) SBCWA - Simulated Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents SBREFA - The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act http://www.epa.gov/sbrefa/statute.htm SBS - Science-Based Solutions SBS - State-By-State SBS - Subbasin Summary SBSF - Small Business Survival Foundation SBSP - Streambank and Shoreline Protection SBSTTA - The Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Open-ended Inter-Sessional Meeting on the Multi-Year Programme of Work of the Conference of the Parties up to 2010 (UN) SBSTTA - The Convention on Biological Diversity's The Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (UN) SC - Safe Corridor SC - Scenic Corridor SC - Scoring Criteria SC - Security Council SC - Show Cause SC - Sierra Club SC - Social Change SC - Social Consciousness SC - Social Contract SC - Species Conservation SC - Sponsoring Committee SC - Spray Content SC - Statistical Correlation SC - Strategic Commodity SC - Stripcropping SC - Study Circle SC - Sustainable Community / Communities SC - Synchronous Conferencing SCA - Site Conservation Assessment SCA - State Conservation Agencies SCA - Student Conservation Association - 3-12 month internships (expenses paid & stipends) in national parks, forests, wildlife refuges, urban greenways, and wildlands managed by government and nonprofit organizations. "Changing lives through service to nature." SCAA - Specialty Coffee Association of America SCAB - System of Checks And Balances Scab - A new piece of wood attached to an existing, deteriorated, or weakened member. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary SCAG - Southern California Association of Governments http://www.scag.ca.gov/ Scale - In ecosystem management, it refers to the degree of resolution at which ecosystems are observed and measured. Scale - Refers to the geographic area and data resolution under examination in an assessment or planning effort. - BLM Scaled sale - A type of timber sale contract that specifies measuring or scaling of the included timber after removal. Scaling determines the number of board feet or c-units to be paid for at contract rates. - Bioenergy Glossary Scaling - The act of removing loose slabs of rock from the back and walls of an underground opening, usually done with a hand-held scaling bar or with a boom-mounted scaling hammer. A method for Forest Service personnel, or an independent third party, to measure the volume of timber actually removed as a result of a timber sale. Scaled sales are a timber sales that use scaling for billing purchasers at the stumpage price for the timber cut. SCANS - Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (UN) SCANS - The Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (established in 1990 by U.S. Department of Labor and then-Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole to determine the skills that young people need to succeed in the world of work). U.S. Department of Labor Employment & Training Association http://wdr.doleta.gov/SCANS/ Scarification - Mechanical removal of competing vegetation or interfering debris prior to planting. (BLM) Scarify - To break the surface of the soil with a narrow bladed instrument. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Scarp - Wall in field fortification, the wall closest to the defenders in a ditch built as an obstruction. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Scarp - An escarpment, cliff or steep slope along the margin of a plateau, mesa or terrace. SCB - Society for Conservation Biology (Reed Noss, co-author of The Wildlands Project) SCB - Society for Conservation Biology http://conbio.net/scb/ SCB - Southeast Conservation Buffer Campaign SCBI - Society for Conservation Biology International SCC - Service to the Citizens Conference (Richmond, Virginia, June, 1993) SCC - State Conservation Commission SCC - Sustainable Cities and Communities SCCCL - South Carolina Coastal Conservation League SCCM (Mercosur) - Southern Cone Common Market (UN) SCCRTC - The Santa Cruz County Regional Transportation Commission (California) SCD - Sustainable Community Development Scene - A section of the landscape which is viewed. Scene-setter - Buildings that strictly add to the aesthestics of the park as features of the cultural landscape without any operational function. - DOI/NPS http://www.nps.gov/cuva/management/rmprojects/ruraleis/ Scenario - A complete and workable set of resource management zones, objectives and strategies for the planning area. Scenario - A complete and workable set of resource management zones, objectives and strategies for the planning area which represent one potential option for analysis purposes. Scenario Planning - Planning conducted through the development, assessment, and iterative refinement of multiple alternative management scenarios. Each scenario represents a package of activities and policies, usually developed along a theme. Scenery - General appearance of a place, general appearance of a landscape, or features of a landscape. - FS Scenery Management - The art and science of arranging, planning, and designing landscape attributes relative to the appearance of places and expanses in the outdoor settings. - FS Scenic Byway - A national and/or state designation of a road or highway that offers an enjoyable and relaxing experience for travelers and possesses scenic, historic, cultural, natural, archeological, and recreational features. - DOI/NPS http://www.nps.gov/cuva/management/rmprojects/ruraleis/ Scenic Byway - A road that has been designated through legislation or other official declaration as special for its scenic value. The road can be classified as a parkway, greenway, trail, heritage highway, drive, road, byways or backway. Portions of scenic byways may pass through non-scenic commercial and industrial areas, or through comprehensively zoned urban cities. States and localities have the right to determine whether they want to place billboards in these non-scenic commercial and industrial portions of designated scenic byways. (SignValue.com definition) 2. Typically secondary roads having significant cultural, historic, scenic, geological, or natural features. They often include vistas, rest areas, and interpretive sites in harmony with the scenic characteristics of the road. (definition given by the Campaign for Reliable Transportation) NPS - DOI Scenic Corridor - A publicly accessible right-of-way and the views that can be seen from the right-of-way of expanses of water, farmland, woodlands, coastal wetlands, or other scenic vistas. Scenic Corridor - The visible land area from a highway right-of-way where scenic design standards are applied. Scenic Highway - Any public road on the State Highway System that is so designated by the Secretary pursuant to State Statutes. These roadways offer travelers views of cultural, historical, archeological, recreational, natural or scenic resources and provide a relaxed recreational and educational experience. The intrinsic resources of the corridor must be considered to be of significant value by the surrounding communities. The corridor often includes vistas, rest areas and other amenities in harmony with the scenic character of the road. - Scenic Byways Program Glossary Scenic Highway/Route - A road which, in addition to its transportation function, provides opportunities for enjoyment of natural and manmade scenic resources where esthetic values are protected and enhanced. Scenic Highways Coordinator (SHC) - A person who has been appointed to implement the Scenic Highways Program. - Scenic Byways Program Glossary Scenic Highways Program (SHP) - The process and criteria that define a system of public roads on the State Highway System that are officially designated by the Secretary as Scenic Highways. It may also include public roads that are part of the National Scenic Byways Program. The SHP is voluntary and grassroots in nature and there are no penalties attached for local general purpose governments not participating in the program. - Scenic Byways Program Glossary Scenic Integrity - State of naturalness or, conversely, the state of disturbance created by human activities or alteration. Integrity is stated in degrees of deviation from the existing landscape character in a national forest. - FS Scenic Integrity Objective - 1. Very High - The Valued landscape character "is" intact with only subtle if any deviations. Allows for ecological change only. The existing landscape character and sense of place is expressed at the highest possible level. 2. High - Landscapes where the valued landscape character "appears" intact. Deviations may be present but must repeat the form, line color, texture, and pattern common to the landscape character so completely, and at such scale, that they are not evident. For example, clearings created by timber harvest must be similar in size and shape to natural openings in the landscape being viewed so that, when ground cover has become established, the clearing looks completely natural. 3. Moderate - Noticeable deviations must remain visually subordinate to the landscape character being viewed. For example, clearings created by timber harvest are evident, but the natural character of the landscape is still the primary influence of the view. 4. Low - Deviations dominate the landscape character being viewed. However, activities, structures, and roads borrow from the form, line, color, texture and scale found in the landscape character being viewed that they are compatible with the surroundings. - FS Scenic Integrity Objective - Scenic Integrity Objectives (SIO) is the objectives established in a Forest Plan that define the acceptable degrees of deviation from a landscape character that may occur. - FS Scenic Quality - The essential attributes of landscape that when viewed by people, elicit psychological and physiological benefits to individuals and, therefore, the society in general. - FS 2. The total impression made by components of a natural or manmade landscape which provide an attractive and memorable visual experience to the viewer; includes natural land forms, water features, rock outcroppings, trees and other vegetation and human settlements, buildings, and structures of interest. Scenic Quality - The relative worth of a landscape from a visual perception point of view which is used in determining the Visual Resource Management Classification. (BLM) Scenic Resource - Attributes, characteristics, and features of landscapes that provide varying responses from, and varying degrees of benefits to, humans. - FS Scenic Resources - A combination of natural and manmade features that give remarkable character to the visual landscape. These resources are striking in appearance and provide a pleasing and memorable experience to those who view them. NPS - DOI Scenic River - See Wild and Scenic River System. (BLM) SCF - Student Cumulative Folder SCGACC - The Southern California Geographic Area Coordination Center SCGS - South Coast Geological Society Schedule of appraisals - Part 34, Section 6 - The Secretary shall make "fair market value appraisals" of areas administered by the Service within five years after October 17, 1978, beginning with areas established earliest....Once appraised, areas shall be reappraised on a schedule of at least once every five years. (USFWS-DOI) Schist - A foliated metamorphic rock the grains of which have a roughly parallel arrangement; generally developed by shearing. Schist - Medium to coarse-grained metamorphic rock composed of parallel layers, which are often waxy or flaky. (NPS Rare Plant glossary) SCHM - Savory Center for Holistic Management Schools To Work Program - This program gives practical work experience to secondary students and it has provided networking with community businesses and industry. - NEA SCI - Significant cumulative impacts Science Advisory Board - A group of independent scientists selected by the Administrator of EPA to advise on the scientific and technical aspects of environmental problems and issues and who, at the request of the Administrator, review the scientific aspects of any reports or other written products prepared by the agency. Congress established the Board when it enacted the Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration Authorization Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-477). Scientific Advisory Panel - Formally known as the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel, this group of independent scientists was authorized by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Its purpose is to provide scientific advice to EPA on pesticides and pesticide-related issues. Scientist - An individual whose combination of academic training and professional field experience in the natural region qualifies him/her to identify and comparatively evaluate natural areas at the regional or national level. - NPS Scintillation Counter - An instrument used to detect and measure radioactivity by detecting gamma rays; more sensitive than a Geiger counter. SCL - Strawman Criteria List SCLC - Sierra Cascade Logging Conference SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference SCLDF - Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund SCLTN - South Carolina Land Trust Network SCMGOL - State-Compiled Mandatory Gun-Ownership Lists SCO - Stream Corridor Ordinance SCOPE - Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (ICSU) SCOPE - Scientific Committee On Problems of the Environment http://www.icsu-scope.org/ Scope - Scope consists of the range of actions, alternatives, and impacts the USFS determines will be considered in an environmental document (EA or EIS). Establishes the breadth of issues to be covered. 2. Scope (universe) - The scope of a classification is the coverage or sphere of what is to be observed. It is the total membership or population of a defined set of people, objects, or events. (UN) Scoping - An information collection process by which all relevant issues and concerns, as well as alternatives to a proposed federal action, are collected. This process includes the review of all relevant planning and management documents, consultation and discussion with interested agencies and organizations, and public input. - DOI/NPS http://www.nps.gov/cuva/management/rmprojects/ruraleis/ 2. The identification of major issues and impact topics. The National Environmental Policy Act requires the National Park Service to consult early in the planning process with everyone potentially interested in the outcome of a planning decision to help identify the full range of issues and potential impacts of a plan. (DOI/NPS) Scoping - A first step in the NEPA process and in the river planning process. Scoping is a means of identifying issues and concerns, their significance, and the range of alternatives. - Bioenergy Glossary Scoping - The procedures by which the various Department of Interior agencies determine the extent of analysis necessary for a proposed action, i.e. the range of actions, alternative, and impacts to be addressed, identification of significant issues related to a proposed action, and establishing the depth of environmental analysis, data, and task assignment. A process for determining the scope of issues to be addressed by an Environmental Impact Statement and for identifying the significant issues. Involved in the scoping process are Federal, state and local agencies; private organizations; and individuals. The ongoing process to determine public opinion, receive comments and suggestions, and determine issues during the environmental analysis process. It may involve public meetings, telephone conversations, or letters. SCORP - Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan SCP - Second Coming Project SCP - Sound Conservation Practices SCP - Sustainable Cleveland Partnership SCP - Sustainable Culture Philosophies SCR - The Southern Cone Region: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. (UN) http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/susg/susgs/samsouthcone.html SCR - Stream Corridor Restoration http://www.usda.gov/stream_restoration/newgra.html SCR - Submerged Cultural Resources Scree - Any slope covered with loose rock fragments. Scree - Accumulation of rocky debris lying on a slope or at the base of a hill. (NPS Rare Plant glossary) Scribner Short Log - A log measurement rule constructed from diagrams which shows the number of 1-inch boards that can be drawn in a circle representing the small end of a 16-foot-long log, assumes a 1/4-inch saw kerf groove, makes a liberal allowance for slabs, and disregards log taper. (BLM) SCRKBA - Students Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms SCRT - Stream Corridor Restoration Technology http://www.usda.gov/stream_restoration/newgra.html Scrub - A community dominated by pinewoods with a thick understory of oaks and saw palmetto, and which occupies well-drained, nutrient-poor sandy soils. - EvergladesPlan glossary SCWP - The South Coast Wildlands Project (California) Rich Hunter, Talon Associates, Bodega CA 94922 http://www.werc.usgs.gov/socal/abstra.html#hunter SCS - Soil Conservation Service (now known as the Natural Resources Conservation Service) SCS - Special Collection Service SCS - Stream Channel Stabilization SCS - Student Climate Study SCT - Strategic Computing and Telecommunications SCWP - The South Coast Wildlands Project (California) SD - Salt Dome (salt deposit) http://www.solutionmining.org/Introduction%20to%20Solution%20Mining/Salt.htm SD - Scheelite Deposit (tungsten) SD - Setback Distance SD - Simultaneous Delivery SD - Spin Doctor SD - Spring Development SD - Stable Disagreement (also known as Consensus) SD - standard deviation SD - Surface Drainage SD - Sustainable Development SDA - Soap and Detergent Association SDA - Subdivision Act SDC -Swiss Development Corporation (IUCN) SDC - The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (provides 'financial assistance' to ICIMOD http://www.mtnforum.org) SDCP - Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan SDD - State Department Document SDE - State Department of Education SDF - Seth Demonstration Forest (Maryland) SDI - Strategic Development and Implementation SDI - Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) SDMG - State Division of Mines and Geology SDMT - Specific Difficult Manual Tasks SDR - Sustainable Development and Race SDS - Students for a Democratic Society SDTS - Spatial Data Transfer Standard SDWA - Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) SE - Safe Environment SE - Sex Education SE - Shelterbelt Establishment SE - Simple Explanation SE - Situational Ethics SE - Social Equity SE - Spirituality in Education SE - State Endangered SE - Straight Edge SE - Subsidize and Expand SE - Support and Expand SE - Sustainable Economics SEA - Significant Ecological Areas SEA - Surfers' Environmental Alliance SEA - Sustainability Education and Awareness SEAC - Student Environmental Action Coalition Seacoast fortification - The fortification network designed and emplaced to protect naval bases, seaports and other important coastal waters from the intrusion of hostile warships. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary SEA-EI - Southeast Asia Environmental Initiative SEARCH - Special Education And Research for CHildren SEARCH - Strategic Extraction and Analysis of Recent Credit History Season-Long Grazing - Grazing which takes place throughout the growing season. - USDA DEIS Upper & Lower East Fork Cattle and Horse Allotment Management Plans glossary (Sawtooth National Recreation Area, Sawtooth National Forest, Custer County, Idaho Season-long use (passive, continuous grazing) - The term season-long use or passive, continuous grazing means grazing throughout the growing period, with little or no effort to control the amount of distribution of livestock use in area/pasture/allotments. BLM-DOI Season-Of-Use - The time of livestock grazing on a rangeland area. - BLM (DOI) Grand Escalante Staircase National Monument DEIS Glossary Seasonal Utilization (relative) - Seasonal utilization is the amount of utilization that has occurred before the end of the growing season. BLM-DOI Seaward Boundaries of States - The seaward boundary of each original coastal state is confirmed as a line three miles from its coast line or, in the case of the Great Lakes, to the international boundary. Subsequently admitted states may extend their boundaries to either three miles from their coastline or to international boundaries in the Great Lakes or any other body of water traversed by such boundaries. States may claim these boundaries without prejudice to any claim that the boundaries extend beyond that point. § 1312. - Submerged Lands Act SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission SEC - Soil Erosion Control SEC - Southern Environmental Center http://www.bsc.edu/sec/ecoscape/default.html SEC - Southwest Environmental Center SEC - Sustainability Education and Communication Second-foot - A unit of water measure equal to one cubic foot per second, or 448.83 gallons per minute. Second-foot - Same as cfs. This term is no longer used in published reports of the U.S. Geological Survey. - USGS Second Growth - Forest growth that was established after some kind of interference with the previous forest crop, such as cutting, fire, or insect attack. Second growth - A second generation of timber of merchantable age. - Bioenergy Glossary Second system of American seacoast fortification - Open batteries and masonry-faced forts constructed by the United States to protect strategic points on the Atlantic seaboard; predominantly prior to the War of 1812. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Secondary - An alteration of an original formation or deposit. Secondary cavity nester - Species that inhabit cavities they did not create. - DOI/USFWS http://rcwrecovery.fws.gov/finalrecoveryplan.pdf Secondary core population - A population identified in recovery criteria that will hold at least 250 potential breeding groups at the time of and after delisting. Defined by biological boundaries. - DOI/USFWS http://rcwrecovery.fws.gov/finalrecoveryplan.pdf Secondary Enrichment - Enrichment of a vein or mineral deposit by minerals that have been taken into solution from one part of the vein or adjacent rocks and re-deposited in another. Secondary Nutrient - The nutrient Ca, Mg, and S used in large amounts by plants but less often deficient than the primary nutrients N, P, and K. Secondary Pollutant - A pollutant that is formed by a chemical or photochemical reaction in the atmosphere rather than emitted from an identifiable source. See Primary Pollutant. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Secondary Porosity - The porosity developed in a rock formation after its deposition or emplacement, either through the natural processes of dissolution or stress distortion, or artificially through acidization or the mechanical injection of coarse sand. See Porosity and Primary Porosity. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Secondary radiation - Radiation that originates as the result of absorption of other radiation in matter. It may be either electromagnetic or particulate in nature. - Nuclear Regulatory Commission Secondary Range - Range which receives light or incidental use by livestock when management is limited. Secondary succession - The progression of plant communities following disturbances such as fire, windthrow and timber harvesting. - Bioenergy Glossary Secondary Travelways and use areas - Locally important locations associated with all types of use including recreation and tourism. - FS Section - 640 acres of land. Section 15 lands - Public lands outside a grazing district administered by Bureau of Land Management under Section 15 of the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934. The BLM authorizes livestock grazing on these lands by issuing leases private parties. Section 22 - A provision of permanent agricultural law (Agricultural Adjustment Act Amendment of 1935) that allows the President to impose import fees or import quotas to prevent imports from non-WTO member countries from undermining the price support and supply control objectives of domestic farm programs. Legislation implementing NAFTA and the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture exempts NAFTA partners and WTO member countries from Section 22 quotas and fees. Under both trade agreements, the United States converted then-in-effect Section 22 restrictions into tariff-rate quotas. This effectively eliminates Section 22 as a tool to shield domestic price support operations. Section 201 - A section of the Trade Act of 1974 that permits the President to grant temporary import relief, by raising import duties or imposing non-tariff barriers on goods entering the United States that injure or threaten to injure domestic industries producing like goods. This provision is the analog of GATT Article 19, which allows GATT contracting parties to provide relief from injurious competition when temporary protection will enable the domestic industry to make adjustments to meet the competition. Section 301 - A section of the Trade Act of 1974 that authorizes the President to take all appropriate action, including retaliation, to obtain the removal of any act, policy, or practice of a foreign government which violates an international trade agreement or is unjustified, unreasonable, or discriminatory, and which burdens or restricts U.S. commerce. Section 404 - A provision of the Clean Water Act establishing a program regulating the discharge of dredge or fill material into the nation's waters. Permits for individual dredge or fill activities are issued by the Army Corps of Engineers, subject to guidelines prepared by EPA. Primarily because this program can impact economic development by restricting the filling of wetlands, it has been controversial. It applies to agricultural, as well as non-agricultural lands. However, normal farming operations, silviculture, and ranching activities--such as plowing, cultivating, and minor drainage, and the construction and maintenance of farm and stock ponds, irrigation and drainage ditches, and farm and forest roads--are exempted by law from the permit requirements of this program. In addition, Section 404 authorizes 'general permits' for certain activities, including several agricultural ones, so that individual landowners need not apply for a permit. For example, there are general permits for cranberry bogs and for rice culture. Section 524 Loans - Land acquisition and development loans authorized under Section 524 of the Housing Act of 1949. Nonprofit organizations and Indian tribes may obtain loans from the Rural Housing Service to purchase and develop land that is to be subdivided into building sites for housing low- and moderate-income families. The loans are made for a 2-year period. Sites financed through Section 524 have no restrictions on the methods by which the homes are financed or constructed. The interest rate on Section 524 site loans is the Treasury cost of funds. Section 533 Grants - A USDA rural housing rehabilitation program authorized under Section 533 of the Housing Act of 1949. The Rural Housing Service is authorized to make grants to capable organizations for (1) rehabilitating single family housing in rural areas which is owned by low- and very low-income families, (2) rehabilitating rural rental properties, and (3) rehabilitating rural cooperative housing structured to provide affordable housing to low- and very low-income occupants. The homes must be located in rural areas and be in need of housing preservation assistance. Assisted families must meet the income restrictions (income of 80% or less of the median income for the area) and must have occupied the property for at least one year prior to receiving assistance. Occupants of leased homes may be eligible for assistance if (1) the un-expired portion of the lease extends for 5 years or more, and (2) the lease permits the occupant to make modifications to the structure and precludes the owner from increasing the rent because of the modifications. Secretariat - Article 14 of the Convention notes that the World Heritage Committee "shall be assisted by a Secretariat appointed by the Director-General" of UNESCO. Since 1992 the World Heritage Centre, located at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, France, has performed the role of the Secretariat to the World Heritage Committee and its Bureau. The Secretariat is responsible for the daily administrative and technical management of the Convention. The World Heritage Centre prepares the documentation for the Committee and its Bureau and has the responsibility for the implementation of their decisions. - Glossary of World Heritage Terms Secretary - The term ''Secretary'' means, except as otherwise herein provided, the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of Commerce as program responsibilities are vested pursuant to the provisions of Reorganization Plan Numbered 4 of 1970; except that with respect to the enforcement of the provisions of this chapter and the Convention which pertain to the importation or exportation of terrestrial plants, the term also means the Secretary of Agriculture. - ESA Section - A one square mile block of land containing 640 acres or one thirty-sixth of a township. - Cadastral Data glossary Section 4(f) - Enacted as a portion of the Federal Department of Transportation Act of 1966, Section 4(f) declares that a special effort be made to preserve the natural beauty of the countryside, public park and recreation lands, wildlife and waterfowl refuges, and historic sites. The use of these sites for a transportation project will not be approved unless it is determined that there is no other prudent or feasible alternative. Section 5(d)(1) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act - Section of the Act that requires all Federal agencies to consider potential national wild, scenic, and recreational river areas in all planning for the use and development of water and related land resources. This study is a 5(d)(1) study, which means it is agency-initiated rather than Congressionally initiated and has slightly different procedural aspects than the latter. - FS Section 6(f) - A provision in the Federal Land and Water Conservation Fund Act that protects properties developed or enhanced using federal funding supplied to states or municipalities under the Act. Proposed transportation projects which effect such lands require a study and an analysis of alternatives to serve as the basis for a Section 6(f) finding by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Specific state legislation for any proposed land transfer is also required in order to implement a Section 6(f) action. Section 7 Consultation - The requirement of Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act that all federal agencies consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the National Marine Fisheries Service if a proposed action might affect a federally listed species or its critical habitat. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Section106 Compliance - The requirement of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act that any project funded, licensed, permitted, or assisted by the Federal Government be reviewed for impacts to significant historic properties and that the State Historic Preservation Officer and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation be allowed to comment on a project. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Section 202 Wilderness Study Area - A Wilderness Study Area under study through the authority of Section 202 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976. This requires recurrent land use planning by the Bureau of Land Management. - BLM Section 319 - Clean Water Act Section 319(h) funds are provided only to designated state and tribal agencies to implement their approved nonpoint source management programs. State and tribal nonpoint source programs include a variety of components, including technical assistance, financial assistance, education, training, technology transfer, demonstration projects, and regulatory programs. Each year, EPA awards Section 319(h) funds to states in accordance with a state-by-state allocation formula that EPA has developed in consultation with the states. In accordance with guidance issued by EPA under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act, Section 319(h) funding decisions are made by the states. States submit their proposed funding plans to EPA, and, if it is consistent with grant eligibility requirements and procedures, EPA then awards the funds requested by the states. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Office of the Secretary. Section 3 lands - Public lands within a grazing district administered by the Bureau of Land Management under Section 3 of the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934. BLM authorizes livestock grazing on these lands by issuing permits to permittees. Section 3 lands make up the vast majority of BLM-administered lands. Sediment - Any material carried in suspension by water, which will ultimately settle to the bottom. Sediment has two main sources; from the channel itself, and from upslope areas. Sediment - Fragmental material that originates from weathering of rocks and is transported by, suspended in, or deposited by water or air or is accumulated in beds by other natural agencies. (Colby, Hembree, and Jochens, 1953, p. 24.) - USGS Sediment discharge - The rate at which dry weight of sediment passes a section of a stream or is the quantity of sediment, as measured by dry weight, or by volume, that is discharged in a given time. (Colby, Hembree, and Jochens, 1953, p. 24.) - USGS Sediment Yield - The amount of sediment produced in or removed from a watershed over a specified period, usually expressed as tons, acre-feet, or cubic yards of sediment per unit of drainage area per year. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Sediment Yield - The amount of sediment removed from a watershed over a specified period of time and area, usually expressed as tons, acre-feet, or cubic yards of sediment per unit of drainage area per year. Sedimentary - Formed by the deposition of eroded material. Pertaining to sediments laid down by rivers and streams. Sedimentary - Descriptive term for rocks formed of sediment. This includes clastic rocks such as conglomerate, sandstone, and shale formed from fragments of other rocks transported by the action of wind or water from their source. The term also includes rocks formed by inorganic precipitation from solution such as gypsum and limestone, or from secretions from living organisms as in the case of some limestone. - BLM (DOI) Grand Escalante Staircase National Monument DEIS Glossary Sedimentary Rock - Rock composed of particles deposited from suspension in water. Some wind-deposited sand is consolidated into sandstone. Sedimentary Rock - Rock formed from sediments or from transported fragments natural or of geologic material deposited in water. Sedimentary Rocks - Secondary rocks formed from material derived from other rocks and laid down under water. Examples are lime stone, shale and sandstone. Sedimentation - The process or action of depositing sediment. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. 2. The settling of particulate matter in water related to particle size, water velocity, and water flow. - NPS Ecology and Restoration Glossary Sedimentological - Refers to the study of sedimentary rocks (sedimentology) and the processes by which they are formed. - BLM (DOI) Grand Escalante Staircase National Monument DEIS Glossary Sediments - Particulate material, including soil, sand, and minerals, transported and deposited by water or wind (see erosion). Waterborne sediments cloud the water diminishing sunlight available to aquatic plants; sediments deposited in reservoirs, rivers, and harbors destroy fish and wildlife habitat and may fill shipping channels. Farming, mining, and building and construction activities that expose soil to wind and rain are major sources of sediments. Seed Bank - A facility used for the preservation and dissemination of seed, particularly varieties that are not in commercial use and that may be threatened with extinction. The USDA administers the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. Seedbank - A facility designed for the ex situ conservation of individual plan varieties through seed preservation and storage. - UNDP/WRI Seedbank - Residual seeds, tubers, or propagules in or on the soil. Seed Orchard - A plantation of clones or seedlings from selected trees; isolated to reduce pollination from outside sources, weeded of undesirables, and cultured for early and abundant production of seed. (BLM) Seed Tree - A tree selected as a natural seed source within a shelterwood or seed tree harvest cut; sometimes also reserved for seed collection. Seed Tree Cutting Method - An even-aged reproductive cutting method in which all mature timber from an area is harvested in one entry except for a small number of trees left as a seed source for the harvested area. (BLM) Seed Tree Harvest - An evenaged regeneration harvest of a portion of the mature timber from an area, except for a small number of seed bearing trees left singly or in small groups for regeneration of a stand. Removal of the mature timber crop from an area in one cut, except for a certain number of seed bearers. Seed tree system - An even-aged silvicultural system in which selected trees (seed trees) are left standing after the initial harvest to provide a seed source for natural regeneration. Seed trees can be left uniformly distributed or in small groups. Although regeneration is generally secured naturally, it may be augmented by planting. Seed trees are often removed once regeneration is established, or may be left as reserves. - Biodiversity Guidebook Glossary Seedlings and Saplings - Non-commercial size young trees. Seepage - The infiltration and percolation of surface water from overland flow, ditches, channels, ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, or other surface water bodies. SEEDS - Seek Education, Explore, DiScover Seed-tree - A method of timber regeneration in which most trees in a site are cut, and tree seedlings become established under remnant large trees Seep - Wet areas, normally not flowing, arising from an underground water source. - BLM Seepage lakes - Lakes having an inlet or an outlet but not both; primary water inputs are precipitation and groundwater. - Shoreland Mgmt. Glossary Seen Area - The total landscape area observed based upon landform screening. Seen-areas may be divided into zones of immediate foreground, foreground, middleground, and background. Some landscapes are seldom seen by the public. - FS SEF - School Endowment Fund (Idaho) SEF - Socio-Economic Factor(s) Segmentation - Relates to the splitting/separation of topics. Once the scope/coverage of a classification has been defined (e.g. age, language, industry), breakdowns (e.g. beginning from the top) are made, based on similarity criteria, to form groups of elementary blocks or topics and different categories or levels. (UN) Segregation - Any act such as a withdrawal or exchange that suspends the operation of the general public land laws. See Withdrawal. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. SEHB - Spiritually Endowed Human Being SEI - Steel Exchange India Seiche - A free or standing wave oscillation of the surface of water in an enclosed basin that is initiated by local atmospheric changes, tidal currents, or earthquakes. Similar to water sloshing in a bathtub. - USGS Earthquake glossary 2.The free oscillation of the bulk of water in a lake and the motion caused by it on the surface of the lake. (Bergsten, 1926, p. 1.) - USGS SEIS - Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Seismic - Of or having to do with earthquakes. - USGS Earthquake glossary Seismic belt - An elongated earthquake zone, for example, circum-Pacific, Mediterranean, Rocky Mountain. About 60% of the world's earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific seismic belt. - USGS Earthquake glossary Seismic category - A term used to define structures, systems, and components that are designed and built to withstand the maximum potential earthquake stresses for the particular region where a nuclear plant is sited. - Nuclear Regulatory Commission Seismic constant - In building codes dealing with earthquake hazards, an arbitrarily-set acceleration value (in units of gravity) that a building must withstand. - USGS Earthquake glossary Seismic Prospecting - A geophysical method of prospecting, utilizing knowledge of the speed of reflected sound waves in rock. Seismic Sea Wave - A tsunami generated by an undersea earthquake. - USGS Earthquake glossary Seismic Zone - A region in which earthquakes are known to occur. - USGS Earthquake glossary Seismicity - Earthquake activity. - USGS Earthquake glossary Seismogram - A written record of an earthquake, recorded by a seismograph. - USGS Earthquake glossary Seismograph - An instrument that records the motions of the Earth, especially earthquakes. - USGS Earthquake glossary Seismograph Station - A site at which one or more seismographs are set up and routinely monitored. - USGS Earthquake glossary Seismologist - A scientist who studies earthquakes. - USGS Earthquake glossary Seismometry - The instrumental aspects of seismology. - USGS Earthquake glossary SEIU - Service Employees International Union, a part of the AFL/CIO (could shut down Los Angeles to force amnesty law) SEL - School Endowment Lands (Idaho) SELC - Southern Environmental Law Center Seldom-Seen - Areas of the landscape that are infrequently viewed by the public. - FS Select Red Oaks - A group of several red oak species composed of cherrybark, Shumard, and northern red oaks. Other red oak species are included in the "other red oaks" group. - USDA/FS Select White Oaks - A group of several white oak species composed of white, swamp chestnut, swamp white, chinkapin, Durand, and bur oaks. Other white oak species are included in the "other white oaks" group. - USDA/FS Selection - Natural selection is the differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by various genetic types belonging to the same populations. Artificial selection is the intentional manipulation by man of the fitness of individuals in a population to produce a desired evolutionary response. - UNDP/WRI Selection Cutting - A method of uneven-aged management involving the harvesting of single trees from stands (single-tree selection) or in groups (group selection) without harvesting the entire stand at any one time. (BLM) Selection Harvest - The periodic removal of trees, usually at 10-20 year intervals, individually or in small groups, from an unevenaged forest in order to realize yield and establish regeneration or irregular constitution. Seleniferous - Containing or yielding selenium. (NPS Rare Plant glossary) Selenium - A non-metallic element that is found with sulfur in various ores; often selectively concentrated by certain legumes. (NPS Rare Plant glossary) Self-Determination - Determination by the people of a territorial unit of their own political future without coercion from powers outside that region. - UN Self-Determination - Determination by the people of a territorial unit of their own political future without coercion from powers outside that region. - United Nations Charter / Human Rights Glossary Self-Help Land Development Loans - Section 523 loans are for acquiring and developing land that will be used for mutual self-help housing. Self-potential - A technique, used in geophysical prospecting, which recognizes and measures the minute electric currents generated by sulphide deposits. Sell-back - When Cuyahoga Valley [located in NE Ohio] was a National Recreation Area, this authority allowed the park to sell historic properties to non-federal parties with restrictive covenants (NPS 1994a). However, now that Cuyahoga Valley is a National Park, this authority is no longer valid, as national parks do not have sell-back authority. - DOI/NPS http://www.nps.gov/cuva/management/rmprojects/ruraleis/ SELP - Small Scale Energy Loan Program SEMA - Specialty Equipment Market Association; organization is for multiple use. http://www.sema.org SEMARNAT - Mexico's Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources Semi-Autogenous Grinding (SAG) - A method of grinding rock into fine powder whereby the grinding media consist of larger chunks of rocks and steel balls. Semi-Confined Aquifer - A condition where the movement of groundwater is restricted sufficiently to cause differences in head between different depth zones of the aquifer during periods of heavy pumping, but during periods of minimal pumping the water levels recover to a level coincident with the water table. - EvergladesPlan glossary Semi-natural ecosystem - An ecosystem that has been altered by human actions, but which retains significant native elements. - IUCN SEN - Sacred Earth Network SENACA - Southeast Nebraska Alternative Crops Association SENGA - Southeast Nebraska Grassland Association Sense of Place - A sense of orientation and emotional attachment to the unique character, qualities, values, and spaces of a specific place. - DOI/NPS http://www.nps.gov/cuva/management/rmprojects/ruraleis/ Sensitive Lands - Any areas recognized in BLM land use or activity plans where BLM has determined that a Plan of Operations is required to provide detailed review of project effects on unique, irreplaceable, or outstanding historical, cultural, recreational, or natural resource values, such as threatened or endangered species or their critical habitat. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Sensitive Species - All species that are under status review, have small or declining populations, live in unique habitats, or need special management. Sensitive species include threatened, endangered, and proposed species as classified by the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. 2. Species not yet officially listed but that are undergoing status review for listing on the Fish and Wildlife Service official threatened and endangered list; species whose populations are small and widely dispersed or restricted to a few localities; and species whose numbers are declining so rapidly that official listing may be necessary. - BLM (DOI) Grand Escalante Staircase National Monument DEIS Glossary Sensitive Species - Those species identified for which population viability is a concern as evidenced by significant current or predicted downward trends in population numbers or density, or habitat capability that would reduce a species' existing distribution. Plant or animal species which are susceptible to habitat changes or impacts from activities. The official designation is made by the USDA Forest Service at the Regional level and is not part of the designation of Threatened or Endangered Species made by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Species that are under status review, have small or declining populations, or live in unique habitats. May also be any species needing special management practices. Sensitive species include threatened and endangered species as classified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Sensitive Species - The USDA Forest Service defines sensitive species as those plant and animal species identified by a regional forester for which population viability is a concern, as evidenced by significant current or predicted downward trends in population numbers or density, or significant current or predicted downward trends in habitat capability that would reduce a species' existing distribution. Regional Foresters shall identify sensitive species occurring within the region. They shall examine the following sources as possible candidates for listing as sensitive species (Forest Service Manual Title 2600): 1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or National Marine Fisheries Service candidates for federal listing (categories 1 and 2) under Federal Register Notice of Review. 2. State lists of endangered, threatened, rare, endemic, unique, or vanishing species, especially those listed as threatened under state law. 3. Other sources as appropriate in order to focus conservation management strategies and to avert the need for federal or state listing as a result of National Forest management activities. Regions 1, 2, 3, and 8 administer National Grasslands in the Great Plains. Each region has used different criteria for designating sensitive species. Region 1 | Region 2 | Region 3 | Region 8 Region 1 administers the following National Grasslands: Little Missouri National Grassland, Cedar River National Grassland, and Sheyenne River National Grassland, North Dakota; Grand River National Grassland, South Dakota. Region 1 identifies sensitive species using the following criteria: Animal Criteria: Total score of >18 or greater = sensitive species candidates. Abundance Extremely Rare (9 points). Less than 500 individuals within Region 1. Rare (6). 1,000 to 500 individuals in Region 1. Uncommon (3). 1,000 to 5,000 individuals in Region 1. Common (0). Over 5,000 individuals in Region 1. Distribution Endemic (6 points). Species only occurs within the Region. Disjunct (4). Population in Region is outside of primary range of species. Peripheral (2). Population in Region is on the edge of its primary range. Widespread (0). None of the above. Degree of Threat of Habitat Loss High (9 points). Habitat substantially threatened by human or natural disturbances. Moderate (6). Habitat moderately threatened by human or natural disturbances. None (0). Habitat not threatened. Population Impacts Species potentially impacted significantly by extrinsic factors such as predation, disease, direct exploitation (3 points). Species potentially moderately impacted by extrinsic factors such as predation, disease, direct exploitation (2). Species not impacted significantly by predation, disease, or direct exploitation (0). Specialized Habitat/Ecological Amplitude Narrow (3 points). Species is restricted to a unique or limited habitat or combination of habitats, and/or species has a high degree of habitat specificity. Intermediate (1). Species is restricted to a relatively unique habitat or combination of habitats, and/or species has a moderate degree of habitat specificity. Species is not restricted to unique habitats (0). Downward Population Trends Yes (6 points). Known or strongly suspected that species has suffered serious declines. Possible (3). Information lacking, but downward trend a possibility. No (0). No indication that species has suffered declines. Plant criteria. A total score of 15 or greater will nominate species for sensitive designation in this case. Abundance Extremely rare (9 points). Five or fewer known populations or an estimated total number of individuals of less than 1000 within Region 1. Rare (6). From 6-20 known populations or an estimated total number of individuals between 1000 and 3000 within Region 1. Uncommon (3). From 21-50 known populations or an estimated total number of individuals between 3000 and 10,000 within Region 1. Common to abundant (0 points). Greater than 50 known populations or more than 10,000 individuals within Region 1. Distribution Local endemic (6 points). Limited to one locale and/or occurs on only 1-2 National Forests or Grasslands. Regional endemic (4). Occurs on more than 2 National Forests or Grasslands. Disjunct (isolated) outlier (3). Occurs beyond the general perimeter of the range. Peripheral (2). At edge of range. Widespread (0). None of the above. Degree of threat or habitat loss High (9 points). Habitat directly threatened by habitat manipulation. Moderate (6). Habitat moderately threatened by habitat manipulation. Low (3). Habitat infrequently threatened by habitat manipulation. None (0). Habitat not currently threatened by habitat manipulation. NOTE: The "low" category was added during scoring of Montana plants because many species seemed to fall between 0 and 6 for this criterion. Specialized habitat/ecological amplitude Narrow (3 points). Species is restricted to a unique or limited habitat or combination of habitats, and/or species has a high degree of habitat specificity. Intermediate (1). Species is restricted to a relatively unique habitat or combination of habitats, and/or species has a moderate degree of habitat specificity. No (0). Species is not restricted to unique habitats. Downward trend Yes (3 points). Known or strongly suspected that species has suffered declines historically. Possible (1). Information lacking, but downward trend a possibility. No (0). No indication that species has suffered declines. Region 2 administers the following National Grasslands: Fort Pierre National Grassland and Buffalo Gap National Grassland, South Dakota; Oglala National Grassland and Sandhills units of the Nebraska National Forest, Nebraska; Thunder Basin National Grassland, Wyoming; Pawnee National Grassland, Comanche National Grassland, Colorado; and Cimarron National Grassland, Kansas. Region 2 identification of sensitive species. The Regional Forester's sensitive species list contains taxa (species, subspecies and FWS or NMFS recognized varieties or stocks) when they meet one or more of the following three criteria: 1. The species is declining in numbers or occurrences, and evidence indicates it could be proposed for federal listing as threatened or endangered if action is not taken to reverse or stop the downward trend. 2. The species habitat is declining, and continued loss could result in population declines that lead to federal listing as threatened or endangered if action is not taken to reverse or stop the decline. 3. The species population or habitat is stable but limited. In addition to the above general criteria, the following ranking system shall be used to identify those species to be considered for designation as sensitive in Region 2. 4. Plant species: Taxa receiving ranks of 20 or greater, out of 38 possible points, should be given strong consideration for designation as sensitive. (Note: source of these criteria is: Marriot, H. et al. 1990. Potential sensitive plant species, USDA Forest Service, Region 2, Lakewood, CO.) Global rarity. 5 points: 5 or fewer known populations/sites worldwide 4 points: 6-20 known populations/sites worldwide 2 points: 21-50 known populations/sites worldwide 0 points: >50 known populations/sites worldwide Region-wide rarity. 5 points: 5 or fewer known populations/sites in Region 2 3 points: 6-20 known populations/sites in Region 2 1 point: 21-50 known populations/sites in Region 2 0 points: >50 known populations/sites in Region 2 Average number of individuals per population/site. 5 points: <1,000 3 points: 1,000-10,000 0 points: >10,000 Distribution 6 points: local endemic; total range <8,000 mi2 5 points: regional endemic; total range 8,000-200,000 mi2 4 points: disjunct; occurrences in R2 significantly beyond the main range of the taxon 2 points: peripheral; occurrences in R2 at the extreme edge of the main range of the taxon 0 points: occurrences in R2 part of widespread distribution Ecological amplitude 3 points: high degree of habitat specificity 1 point: moderate degree of habitat specificity 0 points: low degree of habitat specificity Habitat loss 9 points: habitat extensively threatened by management practices 6 points: habitat moderately threatened by management practices 3 points: habitat infrequently threatened by management practices 2 points: no information available concerning habitat threats 0 points: documented absence of habitat threats Downward trends 5 points: significant declines documented or strongly suspected 3 points: downward trends possible based on available information 1 point: no information available concerning population trends 0 points: documented evidence of downward trends 5. Animal species: due to the variety of animal species considered for designation, no single ranking system would adequately evaluate the full range of species (from butterflies to wolverine and trout). When evaluating a species for designation, consider the following as indicative of a potential for downward trends in population viability (Note: source of these evaluation parameters is Finch 1990). a. Species with small, reproductively isolated populations, disjunct distribution, or limited ability to disperse to new areas. b. Species that are dependent on specific habitat features (e.g., tree cavities, specialized densities, old-growth forest) for breeding, feeding, or survival. c. Species that are restricted to one or a few habitats. d. Species that are obligated to habitats that are uncommon or rare, or declining in abundance. e. Species that reside in habitats that are vulnerable to, or slow to recover from, disturbance. f. Species whose productivity or population levels have been, or are suspected to be, impacted by human activities, specific land management practices, or natural catastrophic events. g. Species that are declining as a result of hybridization or competition from introduced species. Region 3 (Kiowa National Grassland, New Mexico; Rita Blanca National Grassland, Oklahoma and Texas, Black Kettle National Grassland, Oklahoma; McClelland Creek National Grassland, Texas) sensitive species are drawn from federal candidate species known to occur on National Forest system lands -- state or The Nature Conservancy/Natural Heritage Program listed species known to occur on USFS lands where viability issues related to USFS management can be demonstrated; other species (plants etc.) Known to occur on USFS lands where viability issues related to USFS management can be demonstrated. Region 8 (Caddo National Grassland and Lyndon B. Johnson National Grasslands, Texas) sensitive species include plant and animal species, subspecies, populations or stocks (recognized by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service) including vertebrates, invertebrates, vascular plants, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens known or likely to occur on National Forest system lands for which there is a concern about range wide imperilment. Range wide imperilment concerns are based on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service candidate listings, Natural Heritage Program rankings and element records. Species are sensitive species if their status is any one of the following: federal candidate species; or The Nature Conservancy/Natural Heritage Program ranks of G1, 2, 3, H; T1, 2, 3; or N1, 2, 3 (this includes species ranked G3 or T3, but does not include species ranked G3G4, G3G5. T3T4, or T3T5). http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/nebraska/gpng/sensitive.html Sensitivity Analysis - A process of examining specific trade-offs that would result from making changes in single elements of a plan alternative. (BLM) Sensitivity analysis - Assessment of the response of some factors as a result of changes in others. - WB Sensitivity Analysis - Analysis of how sensitive outcomes are to changes in the assumptions. The assumptions that deserve the most attention should depend largely on the dominant benefit and cost elements and the areas of greatest uncertainty of the program or process being analyzed. - Forest Service http://svinet2.fs.fed.us/recreation/permits/final1.htm Sensitivity Levels - Measures (e.g., high, medium, and low) of public concern for the maintenance of scenic quality. (BLM) SEP - Single Entry Point SEPA - State Environmental Policy Act SEPP - The Science & Environmental Policy Project (good guys!) Septarian Nodules - A type of concretion in sedimentary rocks consisting of an irregular polygonal system of internal cracks, which are most always occupied by calcite or other minerals. - BLM (DOI) Grand Escalante Staircase National Monument DEIS Glossary Septic System - An on-site system designed to treat and dispose of domestic sewage from a residence or business not connected to a sewer line. A typical septic system consists of a tank that receives waste and holds it while bacteria decompose solids, and a system of tile lines or a pit for disposal of the liquid effluent. The sludge that remains in the tank after decomposition of the solids must be pumped out periodically. By using the assimilative capacity of the land, a properly operating septic system has minimal impact but an improperly functioning system can be a source of nitrogen pollution and of groundwater contamination. SEQR - State Environmental Quality Review SEQRA - State Environmental Quality Review Act SEQUA - State Environmental Quality Review Act Sequum - A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) - USDA SER - Significant Emission Rates SER - Society for Ecological Restoration International http://www.ser.org/ SER - Sound Economic Renewal Seral - A biotic community which is a development, transitory stage in ecological succession. The stage of succession of a plant or animal community that is transitional. If left alone, the seral stage will give way to another plant or animal community that represents a further stage of succession. Pertaining to the successional stages of biotic communities. Seral (Successional) Community - One of a series of biotic communities that follow one another in time on any given ecological site. Seral Stages - The developmental stages of an ecological succession. - USDA DEIS Upper & Lower East Fork Cattle and Horse Allotment Management Plans glossary (Sawtooth National Recreation Area, Sawtooth National Forest, Custer County, Idaho Seral Stages - The series of relatively transitory plant communities that develop during ecological succession from bare ground to the climax stage. There are five stages: Early Seral Stage - The period from disturbance to crown closure of conifer stands, usually occurring from 0-15 years. Grass, herbs, or brush are plentiful. Mid Seral Stage - The period in the life of a forest stand from crown closure to first merchantability. Usually ages 15 through 40. Due to stand density, brush, grass or herbs rapidly decrease in the stand. Hiding cover may be present. Late Seral Stage - The period in the life of a forest stand from first merchantability to culmination of mean annual increment. This is under a regime including commercial thinning, or to 100 years of age, depending on wildlife habitat needs. During this period, stand diversity is minimal, except that conifer mortality rates will be fairly rapid. Hiding and thermal cover may be present. Forage is minimal. Mature Seral Stage - The period in the life of a forest stand from culmination of mean annual increment to an old-growth stage or to 200 years. This is a time of gradually increasing stand diversity. Hiding cover, thermal cover, and some forage may be present. Old-Growth - This stage constitutes the potential plant community capable of existing on a site given the frequency of natural disturbance events. For forest communities, this stage exists from approximately age 200 until when stand replacement occurs and secondary succession begins again. Depending on fire frequency and intensity, old-growth forests may have different structures, species composition and age distributions. In forests with longer periods between natural disturbance, the forest structure will be more even-aged at late mature or early old growth stages. These definitions are used by BLM to separate age classes for analysis of impacts. (BLM) SERC - State Environmental Research Center http://www.serconline.org "About SERC: The State Environmental Resource Center (SERC) researches state environmental policies and assembles information and tools to help legislators make important decisions on key environmental issues. SERC identifies the most innovating and effective state policies and exposes anti-environmental legislative trends. Through a comprehensive website, free weekly e-mail newsletter and direct access to knowledgeable staff members, SERC shares its findings with legislators, groups, and concerned citizens across the nation. SERC stays on top of pressing environmental issues involving children's health, clean energy, smart growth, clean air and water, wildlife, and wetlands. Included in this website are the tools necessary to implement great environmental ideas and policies in your state, including sample bills, talking points, clip packs, a fact packs, research, and other background information. SERC is a project of Defenders of Wildlife and the Natural Resources Defense Council. People and organizations that care about defending our environment make SERC possible. We would like to give special thanks to the following for their generous support: Turner Foundation, The Beldon Fund, The Bauman Foundation, Rampa and Tom Hormel." SERF - Solar Energy Research Facility (Little Bay, New South Wales, Australia) SERI - Solar Energy Research Institute Serial nomination - See Serial property, series - Glossary of World Heritage Terms Serial property - A serial property is a property nominated and/or inscribed in the World Heritage List as a series in accordance with Paragraphs 19 and 20 of the Operational Guidelines (UNESCO February 1996: 5-6). See Series - Glossary of World Heritage Terms Serial site - See Serial property, Series - Glossary of World Heritage Terms Series - A group of habitat types having the same climax tree species. Series - A series of cultural or natural properties situated in different geographical locations may be proposed for inclusion in the World Heritage List in a single nomination provided they are related because they belong to:(i) the same historico-cultural group or (ii) the same type of property which is characteristic of the geographical zone (iii) the same geomorphological formation, the same biogeographic province, or the same ecosystem type and provided that it is the series as such, and not its components taken individually, which is of outstanding universal value (UNESCO February 1996: 6, Paragraph 19). See Serial property - Glossary of World Heritage Terms SERP - Source Emission Reduction Plan Serpentine - A greenish, metamorphic mineral consisting of magnesium silicate. Services - Intangible goods that are often produced and consumed at the same time. An example is education: students consume a lesson- an educational service- at the same time a teacher produces it. The service sector of the economy includes hotels, restaurants, and wholesale and retail trade; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; community and social services (such as education and health care); and personal services. - WB Severe Use - Utilization in excess of 80 percent. - BLM Severity Funding - Funds provided to increase wildland fire suppression response capability necessitated by abnormal weather patterns, extended drought, or other events causing abnormal increase in the fire potential and/or danger. - FS SESA - Social and Economics Statistics Administration SET - Self Evident Thinking (Institute for Global Education) Set-aside Program - A program (not used since the late 1970s) under which farmers are required to set aside a certain percentage of their total planted acreage and devote this land to approved conservation uses (such as grasses, legumes, and small grain which is not allowed to mature) in order to be eligible for non-recourse loans and deficiency payments. Set-aside acreage is based on the number of acres a farmer actually plants in the program year as opposed to being based on prior crop years. The authority for set-aside was eliminated by the FAIR Act of 1996. Setback - (also known as "building line") - The minimum distances, measured from the property line to the interior of the lot, for locating the front, rear, or outside walls of a building. Setbacks vary by zoning district. May also be the distance from a watercourse, taking the form of a buffer, to protect the natural features of the stream. SEU - Special Exception Use SEUALG - SouthEastern Utah Association of Local Governments SEVIS - Student and Exchange Visitor Information System SEVP - Student and Exchange Visitor Program Sewage - Refuse liquids or waste matter carried off by sewers. (WB-UN) Sewerage - A system of sewers or drainage pipes. (WB-UN) Sewell building - A frame building clad with cement stucco applied over an expanded metal lath, and referred to by the name of the army engineer officer who developed the technique, John Sewell. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary SEWP - The Southeast Wildlands Project SEWRPC - Southeast Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission SF - Slotting Fee SF - Slush Fund SF - Socioeconomic Factor(s) SFA - Southwest Forest Alliance SFBAUP - San Francisco Bay Area Urban Program (California) SFC - Small Farmer Commodities SFC - Stimulants For Children SFC - Sustainable Farming Connection SFCI - Specialized Farm Credit Institutions (World Bank) SFCSI - Special Foreign Currency Information Program SFE - The South Florida Ecosystem, now known as SOFIA - South Florida Information Access http://sofia.usgs.gov/ SFER - South Florida Ecosystem Restoration http://www.strestore.org/ http://www.sfrestore.org/crogee/ra13/ra13full.pdf SFERTF - South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force. "The [Florida Conflict Resolution] Consortium's assistance during the six-year planning effort for the Everglades plan was indispensable and directly led to the unprecedented consensus agreement on the $8 billion plan which the Florida Legislature and Congress approved in 2000. The Consortium's neutrality, effectiveness and successes have been made possible by both the legislature's and FSU's support which collectively has enable the Consortium to leverage additional project funds, such as with the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force." - Terrence "Rock" Salt, Executive Director, South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force. SFF - Supplementary Financing Facility SFIC - Singapore Furniture Industries Council SFOA - Swiss Futures and Options Association SFRA - Southern Forest Resource Assessment Draft Report Glossary; a multiagency effort led by the USDA Forest Service's Southern Research Station and Southern Region - USDA/FS SFS - Safe From Scrutiny SFM - Sustainable Forest Management SFVEWBP - The San Fernando Valley East-West Bike Path (California) SFWMD - South Florida Water Management District SFY - State Fiscal Year SG - Smart Growth SG - Societal Groups SG - Solicitor General (also known as the Office of the Solicitor General). The major function of the Solicitor General's Office is to supervise and conduct government litigation in the United States Supreme Court. Virtually all such litigation is channeled through the Office of the Solicitor General and is actively conducted by the Office. The United States is involved in about two-thirds of all the cases the U.S. Supreme Court decides on the merits each year. The Solicitor General determines the cases in which Supreme Court review will be sought by the government and the positions the government will take before the Court. The Office's staff attorneys participate in preparing the petitions, briefs, and other papers filed by the government in its Supreme Court litigation. The Solicitor General personally assigns the oral argument of government cases in the Supreme Court. Those cases not argued by the Solicitor General personally are assigned either to an attorney in the Office or to another government attorney. The vast majority of government cases are argued by the Solicitor General or by one of the Office's other attorneys. Another function of the Office is to review all cases decided adversely to the government in the lower courts to determine whether they should be appealed and, if so, what position should be taken. The Solicitor General also determines whether the government will participate as an amicus curiae, or intervene, in cases in any appellate court. The current (2003) SG, Theodore B. Olson, has argued 32 cases before the Supreme Court of the United States: 14 while in private practice and 18 while serving in government, including constitutional and federal statutory cases involving copyright law, school vouchers, the Internet, the 2000 census, property rights, punitive damages, telecommunications, criminal law, immigration, federal securities regulation, the right to a jury trial, due process, voting rights, equal protection, the ex post facto clause, and the First Amendment. Before rejoining the Justice Department in 2001, he successfully represented presidential candidate George W. Bush and vice presidential candidate Dick Cheney in the Supreme Court Bush v. Gore cases involving the 2000 presidential election. http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/ SG - Specialty Growers SG - Study Groups SGA - Sea Grant Agent SGA - Second Great Awakening SGA - Smart Growth Agenda SGB - Sustainable Green Building SGBW - Shavuot Green Belt Walk SGC - Short-term Guideline Concentrations SGD - Scenic Greenways Districts SGI - Sustainable Growth Initiative SGLA - Sears Good Life Alliance SGLM - Species Genetic Linkage Map SGMA - Sea Grant Marine Agent SGMA - Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association SGN - State Government News http://www.csg.org/CSG/Products/state+government+news/default.htm SGP - Special Grants Program (UN) SGP - The Global Environment Facility's Small Grants Programme (UNDP) SGP - Strong Growth Potential SGS - Short Growing Season SH - Safe Harbor SH - Settlement House SH - Shoreline Hardening SH - Staging Habitat SH - Stalking-Horse SH - State Holdings SHA - Safe Harbor Agreement SHA - Safe Harbor Agreements (DOI/USFWS) Shaft - A vertical or inclined excavation in rock for the purpose of providing access to an orebody. Usually equipped with a hoist at the top, which lowers and raises a conveyance for handling workers and materials. A vertical or inclined opening, serving and providing access to various levels in a mine. Shale - Sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation of mud or silt. Shallow Ecology - A term coined by Arnie Naess to describe those concerned from a human-centered perspective. Shallow water areas - Bodies of surface water that have an average depth of less than 5 feet and are useful to wildlife. They can be naturally wet areas, or they can be created by dams or levees or by water-control devices in marshes or streams. Examples are muskrat marshes, waterfowl feeding areas, wildlife watering developments, beaver ponds, and other wildlife ponds. Major soil properties affecting shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. The availability of a dependable water supply is important if water areas are to be developed. - USDA Shanty town - Unplanned urban slum village where very poor people live. Usually found on the edge of big cities. - UNEP Children's Glossary SHARE - (Project SHARE) Salmon Habitat and River Enhancement SHARE - Save Heritage and Rehabilitate the Environment SHARE - Self-Help And Resource Exchange SHARE - Shasta Alliance for Resources and the Environment Sharecropper - A tenant who receives a share of the crops, livestock, or livestock products from the landowner, who in turn may extend credit to and supervises the tenant. The tenant generally supplies only labor. SHARK - Showing Animals Respect and Kindness SHARK - Station HRPT Archiving and Reprocessing Kernel (Software) SHARK - Systems Helping At-Risk Kids Shaugnessy Number - See U.S. EPA Pesticide Chemical (PC) Code SHAZAM - Solomon, Hercules, Atlas, Zeus, Achilles and Mercury SHCMP - Strategic Human Capital Management Plan (U.S. Department of the Interior) http://www.doi.gov/pfm/human_cap_plan/ Shear or Shearing - The deformation of rocks by lateral movement along innumerable parallel planes, generally resulting from pressure and producing such metamorphic structures as cleavage and schistosity. Shear Strength - The maximum resistance of a soil to shearing stress. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Shear zone - A zone in which shearing has occurred on a large scale. Sheave Wheel - A large grooved wheel in the top of a headframe over which the hoisting rope passes. Sheepsfoot roller - A heavy steel roller with individual protruding cleats in a shape associated with that of the feet of sheep; used for soil compaction. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Sheet Erosion - The removal of a thin, relatively uniform layer of soil from the land surface caused by runoff. Sheet Flow - Water movement as a broad front with shallow, uniform depth. - EvergladesPlan glossary Sheet lead - Flat sheets of lead used for flashing. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Sheet metal - Flat, thin metal, usually steel or steel alloy. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Sheet and rill erosion - The removal of layers of soil from the land surface by the action of rainfall and runoff. It is the first stage in water erosion. - National Resources Inventory Shell - A hollow projectile, filled with explosives, designed to exercise destructive force by explosive energy. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Shelterbelt - A plant barrier of trees, shrubs, or other approved perennial vegetation designed to reduce wind erosion. Shelterwood - A cutting method used in a more or less mature stand, designed to establish a new crop under the protection of the old. Shelterwood Cutting - A regeneration method under an even-aged silvicultural system. With this method a portion of the mature stand is retained as a source of seed and/or protection during the regeneration period. The retained trees are usually removed in one or more cuttings. In the irregular shelterwood variation of this method, the retained trees are usually not removed until the end of the next harvest rotation. (BLM) Shelterwood Harvest - An evenaged regeneration harvest of a portion of the mature stand while retaining a portion of the stand as a source for seed and protection during the regeneration period. Sherman Antitrust Act - In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Act (26 Stat. 209 (1890) as amended, 15, U.S. C. Sections 1-7). This established the American public policy supporting competition in a free marketplace. The U.S. Supreme Court summarized this policy in the following statement, "Basic to the faith that a free economy best promotes the public weal is that goods must stand the cold test of competition; that the public, acting through the market's impersonal judgment, shall allocate the Nation's resources and thus direct the course its economic development will take." Major Provisions Of The Sherman Anti-Trust Act: Section One: "Every contract combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal." In the view of the government, the agreement to restrain trade, in this sense, is the "contract." When individuals plan or "contract" to restrain trade, it is the "combination" referred to in the above quotation from the Act. Section Two: "Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, combine or conspire with any other person or persons to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony. " In Section One, it becomes evident that it takes two or more (combination) to restrain trade. In Section Two, it further becomes evident that it takes only one to monopolize. Shifting control - See Control. - USGS Shifting cultivation - A land utilization method; a particular piece of land is cultivated for some years and then abandoned for a period required to restore its fertility by natural vegetative growth; it is then cultivated again. The distinguishing feature of shifting cultivation is that neither organic fertilizers nor manure are used to retain soil fertility. -FAO UN Glossary SHIM - Stream Habitat Improvement and Management SHO - Sensitive habitat overlay (UN) Shoot - A concentration of mineral values; that part of a vein or zone carrying values of ore grade. Shoot - New growth. (NPS Rare Plant glossary) Shoreline - The zone where lake and land meet. Shorelands are defined as the lands 1000 ft from the ordinary high water level. - Shoreland Mgmt. Glossary Shoring - Supporting posts, beams, and auxiliary members placed against the side of a building or structure; especially supports placed obliquely. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Short rotation energy plantation - Plantings established and managed under short-rotation intensive culture practices. - Bioenergy Glossary Short rotation intensive culture - Intensive management and harvesting at 2 to 10 year intervals of cycles of specially selected fast- growing hardwood species for the purpose of producing wood as an energy feedstock. - Bioenergy Glossary Short Selling - The borrowing of stock from a broker in order to sell it in the hope that it may be purchased at a lower price later on. Short Selling - Selling a security that the seller does not own but is committed to repurchasing eventually. Short selling is used to capitalize on an expected decline in a security's price. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Short-Term - A scope of activity or action including the present through not more than six years. 2. The period of time during which the Resource Management Plan (RMP) will be implemented; assumed to be ten years. (BLM) Short Term - Used of Loans with a maturity of one year or less. - Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) Glossary 2. Lasting 14 days or less. - EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Glossary Short-term Agreement - These agreements are public-private partnerships that make federally-owned buildings and land available for non-governmental uses that are consistent with park goals and are granted for less than a five-year period on a renewable basis. - DOI/NPS http://www.nps.gov/cuva/management/rmprojects/ruraleis/ Short Ton - 2,000 lb avoirdupois. Short Ton - 2,000 pounds. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Short woody plants - A General cover category consisting of short woody canopy cover of greater than 25 percent, while tall woody canopy cover is less than 25 percent. Short woody plants are less than 4 meters (about 13 feet) tall and often multi-stemmed, e.g., shrubs and seedlings. The distinction between tall (>4m) and short (<4m) is made according to current conditions, not potential. - National Resources Inventory Shoshone (or "Newe") - Of the people. Should (in place of Will) - Term used to protect a document or its author from legal liability. Shoulder - The uppermost inclined surface at the top of a hillslope. The area comprises the transitional zone from the back slope to the summit of an upland. The surface is dominantly convex in profile and erosional in origin. - USDA SHP - State Heritage Program(s) (work with The Nature Conservancy) SHPITF - State Heritage Parks Interagency Task Force SHPO - State Historic Preservation Officer Shrink-swell - The shrinking of soil when dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling can damage roads, dams, building foundations, and other structures. It can also damage plant roots. - USDA Shrinkage Stoping - A stoping method which uses part of the broken ore as a working platform and as support for the walls of the stope. Shuttering - Overlapping or sheet materials to shed water; shingling. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary SHWRD - Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Division (EPA) SHWT - Seasonal High Water Table SI - Satellite Imagery SI - Satellite Imaging SI - Search Institute SI - The Sierra Institute, part of University of California Extension, Santa Cruz, is an academic field school providing environmental studies programs in ecology, natural history, nature philosophy, conservation biology, and related subjects. Spring courses include "Rewilding California: Ecology and Conservation," "Nature and Culture: Cultural Ecology and Environmental Issues," and "California Wilderness: Nature Philosophy and Religion." They are taught by faculty in the natural sciences, theology, environmental studies, environmental education, and environmental policy and management, among others. http://www.ucsc-extension.edu/sierra SI - Shalom Institute SI - Site Inspection SI - Smithsonian Institution SI - Sovereignty International SI - Special Interest SI - Speculative Inventory SI - Spoil Islands (The Office of Coastal and Aquatic Managed Areas) SI - Synthetic Interaction and Focused Activity (Hegelian Dialectic) http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/psych-1ada/SOZ/docs/hafos/hafos_21.doc SI - System International SIA - Sky Island Alliance (partner in The Wildlands Project) SIA - Social Impact Assessment SIC - Significant Impact Concentrations SICA-CCAD - Central American Integration System - Central American Commission for Environment and Development SID - Society for International Development Side slope - The slope bounding a drainageway and lying between the drainageway and the adjacent interfluve. A side slope is generally linear along the slope width, and overland flow is parallel down the slope. - USDA Sidedress Fertilizer - Fertilizer that is applied in small quantities directly alongside plants/crops, rather than widely dispersed. - DOI/NPS http://www.nps.gov/cuva/management/rmprojects/ruraleis/ Siderite - Iron carbonite, which when pure, contains 48.2% iron; must be roasted to drive off carbon dioxide before it can be used in a blast furnace. (Roasted product is called sinter). Sidewalk concrete - Concrete with a granolithic finish or with a finish of small stones imbedded in cement. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary SIDS - Small Island Developing States (UN) SIECUS - Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States SIEURASIA - Space Imaging Eurasia SIF - Self-Inflicted Failure SIG - Special Interest Group Sight Distance - There are two viewshed issues of concern to trail users. First is the safety need for an unobstructed forward and rear view at all times. Following are the minimum acceptable sight distances: pedestrians, 50 linear feet each way; equestrians, 100 linear feet each way; bicyclists, 150 linear feet each way; snowmobilers, 400 linear feet each way. Signal-to-noise ratio - The comparison between the amplitude of the seismic signal and the amplitude of noise caused by seismic unrest and (or) the seismic instruments. - USGS Earthquake glossary Signature ad Referendum - A representative may sign a treaty "ad referendum", i.e., under the condition that the signature is confirmed by his state. In this case, the signature becomes definitive once the responsible organ confirms it. [Art.12 (2) (b), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969] (UN) Signature Subject to Ratification, Acceptance or Approval - Where the signature is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, the signature does not establish the consent to be bound. However, it is a means of authentication and expresses the willingness of the signatory state to continue the treaty-making process. The signature qualifies the signatory state to proceed to ratification, acceptance or approval. It also creates an obligation to refrain, in good faith, from acts that would defeat the object and the purpose of the treaty. [Arts.10 and 18, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969] (UN) Significance - The total economic activity in a region that is related to a refuge. Significance shows a refuge's role in the regional economy. The portion of this activity attributable to residents most likely would have occurred in the region anyway and so does not represent an incremental contribution to the regional economy. Contrast significance with impact. (USFWS-DOI) Significance - Generally in American preservation efforts, defined through the four criteria (A, B, C, and D) of the National Register of Historic Places; summarized as significance associated with key historic events (A), the lives of important persons (B), established architectural or engineering merit (C), and, the potential to yield worthy new information in history or pre-history (D). - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Significant Viewscape - A field of view which has local or regional significance, often containing a site of significance within the range of view. Significant - An effect that is analyzed in the context of the proposed action to determine the degree or magnitude of importance of the effect, either beneficial or adverse. The degree of significance can be related to other actions with individually insignificant but cumulatively significant impacts. - DOI/BLM Significant Ecological Areas (SEA) - Areas identified as having significant |