C & I - Criteria and Indicators (Santiago Declaration - UN) - Provides a common framework and language that is essential to a dialogue on sustainability. C & I shapes vision and policies. Helps to more deeply and completely explore the concept of sustainability. Helps guide individual behavior and societal policies … think more broadly about applying the C & I to non-Federal … lands. From http://www.fs.fed.us/sustained/atlanta-mar-27.doc C factor (USLE). See Cover and management factor. C factor (WEQ). See Climatic factor. C Factors - Cropping factors - USDA C unit (CCF) - One hundred cubic feet of solid wood. Used as a log measure or as a measure of solid wood content. 1 CCF contains typically 1.4 BDT. - Bioenergy Glossary CA - Candidate Accountability CA - Change Agent CA - Capability Analysis CA - Chemical Agent CA - Charted Airway CA - Christian Aid CA - Citizen Act CA - Citizen Activist CA - Climate Activist CA - Civilian Activity CA - Commercial Availability CA - ConAgra CA - The Congressional Act (1803) CA - Conservation Agency CA - Conservation Agreement CA - Consumer Alert CA - Cooperating Agencies (also known as Partners) CA - Cooperative Agreement CA - Common Areas CA - Community Awareness CA - Cooperative Agreements CA - Core Areas CAA - Center for Advanced Accelerators CAA - Clean Air Act CAA - Community Air Act CAAA - Community Air Act Amendments CAB - Checks And Balances CAB - Civil Aeronautics Board CAB - "We are a leading global not-for-profit organization, specialising in sustainable solutions for agricultural and environmental problems." "CAB International originated from a service established in London in 1913 to support agricultural scientists around the world. CABI Bioscience was formed in 1998 from four existing Institutes covering biological control, mycology, parasitology and entomology." http://www.cabi.org/ and http://www.cabi.org/Corporate/Html/activitiesBioscience.htm CAB / CABI Links Page: http://www.cabi-bioscience.ch/wwwgisp/gt1links.htm CABI - "We are a leading global not-for-profit organization, specialising in sustainable solutions for agricultural and environmental problems." "CAB International originated from a service established in London in 1913 to support agricultural scientists around the world. CABI Bioscience was formed in 1998 from four existing Institutes covering biological control, mycology, parasitology and entomology." http://www.cabi.org/ and http://www.cabi.org/Corporate/Html/activitiesBioscience.htm CAB / CABI Links Page: http://www.cabi-bioscience.ch/wwwgisp/gt1links.htm Cable Logging - Logging that involves the transport of logs from stump to collection points by means of suspended steel cables. Cable logging reduces the need for the construction of logging roads. CABPRO - California Association of Business, Property, and Resource Owners CAC - Clean Air Campaign CAC - Coastal Advisory Committee CAC - Custom And Culture CAD - Cease And Desist CAD - Computer-Aided Dispatch (GPS) CAD - Current Account Deficit Cadastral Cartography - The science and art of making cadastral maps. - Cadastral Data glossary Cadastral Map - The base of the assessment cadastre. A map that shows the size, shape and extent of each land parcel in a prescribed geographical area. - Cadastral Data glossary Cadastral Surveys - The establishment of land boundaries and subdivisions by running and marking of the lines that are required by the plan of the cadastral surveys of the United States. In general, it is any survey executed to measure the boundaries of land parcels. - Cadastral Data glossary Cadastre, or Cadaster - A public record, survey, or map of the value, extent, and ownership of land. - Cadastral Data glossary Cadastre Assessment - The inventory of real property, cadastral maps, map records, appraisal records, ownership lists, assessment roll, statement of value, etc.; used for the purpose of justly apportioning ad valorem taxes on such property. - Cadastral Data glossary Cadastre (historical) - A detailed register, inventory, statement of public record, of lands, their extent, ownership, locations and value; executed by governments as a base of property tax systems. - Cadastral Data glossary Cadastre (jurisprudence) - An official statement of the quantity and value of real property in any district, made for the purpose of justly apportioning the taxes on such property. - Cadastral Data glossary Cadastre (legal) - The land title recording system; i.e., recorded deeds, mortgages, contracts, indexes, etc. - Cadastral Data glossary Cadastre (modern) - A comprehensive, modern land data system, composed of interrelated subsystems such as the assessment cadastre, legal cadastre, survey cadastre, demographic cadastre, etc. - Cadastral Data glossary Cadastre (survey) - The record of cadastral surveys; land boundary or parcel boundary surveys. - Cadastral Data glossary CADPR - California Department of Pesticide Regulation Cadmium - A chemical element and a soft, silvery white metal. Causes severe illness and even death if inhaled. Used in plating and in making alloys. - UNEP Children's Glossary CAE - Center of the American Experiment CAE - Centers of Academic Excellence CAFE - Canadian Association of Fish Exporters CAFE - Conservatives Against a Federal Europe (UK) CAFE - Corporate Average Fuel Economy Café - Corporate Average Fuel Economy CAFF - Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna CAFO - Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation CAFO - See Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation CAFR - Comprehensive Annual Financial Report CA4WDC - California Association of Four Wheel Drive Clubs CAG - Community Advisory Group CAG - Concerned About Grizzlies, Inc. CaGIS - Cartography and Geographic Information Society CAGW - Citizens Against Government Waste http://www.cagw.org CAISG - Citizen Activist Industry Support Groups CAL - Class Action Lawsuit Calcareous - Soils or an area with soils containing large amounts of calcium carbonate, usually derived from limestone sediment; limestone or calcium-rich soils. - NPS Ecology and Restoration Glossary Calcic Horizon - A diagnostic mineral horizon of carbonate accumulation. Indicated by the letter k. CalEPA - California Environmental Protection Agency CALFED - A cooperative effort involving several state and federal agencies with management and regulatory responsibilities in the San Francisco Bay/Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta estuary (the Bay-Delta). State agencies include the Department of Water Resources, the Department of Fish and Game, the California Environmental Protection Agency, and the State Water Resources Control Board. Federal agencies include Reclamation, the Service, the US Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Marine Fisheries Service. - Bureau Of Reclamation -- BOR -- Water Acquisition Glossary Caliche - Carbonate-rich horizons developed in soils of semiarid and arid regions. Pedologists call these soil accumulations Bk and K horizons, and these are preferable to the terms caliche or calcrete. - BLM (DOI) Grand Escalante Staircase National Monument DEIS Glossary 2. A layer in the soil more or less cemented by calcium carbonates (CaCo3), commonly found in arid and semiarid regions. - BLM California ReLeaf - California ReLeaf is a statewide campaign to expand, enhance, and preserve urban and community forests -- making our cities more livable, improving the global environment, and connecting people to the land and to each other. ReLeaf's Capacity-Building Grants Program assists new and emerging grassroots groups with tree-related projects and provides more extensive capacity-building support for established community-based organizations with a proven track record in urban forestry. Call - The designation of visible natural objects, monuments, courses, distances, or other matters of description as limits of boundaries. "Locative calls" are particular or specific, and locate a point or line. "Descriptive calls" are general and merely direct attention to the neighborhood in which more specific calls are to be found. - Cadastral Data glossary CALM - Consolidated Assessment and Listing Methodology CALTRAIN - Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board CAM - Certificates of Advanced Mastery CAM - Coastal Area Management (UN) CAM - Cross-Allocation Methodology CAMA - The Office of Coastal and Aquatic Managed Areas CAMA - Computer Assisted Mass Appraisals Cambic Horizon - A weakly developed diagnostic subsoil horizon. Indicated by the letter w. CAMAC - Computer Automated Measurement and Control CAME - Council for the Advancement of Minorities Campsite - A cultural site type representative of all periods consisting of temporary habitation areas which usually contain a lithic scatter, evidence of fire use, ground stone, and pottery scatter. - BLM CAN - California Association of Nurserymen CAN - Climate Action Network CAN - Community Action Network (the Ad Council) Can (in place of Will) - To have the ability to do something, rather than actually doing it; also used to remove accountability from a proposal. Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) - A quasi-governmental self- financed agency, established in 1935, that markets Canadian wheat, oats, and barley on behalf of producers. Commercial grain is put into annual marketing pools by grade, with the pool period lasting 12 months and ending July 31. The CWB markets the grain to domestic and foreign buyers, with unsold grain transferred to the pool established for the next year. The overall procedure ensures a uniform per-bushel return, excluding storage costs, to all producers for each grade, regardless of the time they deliver their grain to elevators. The flow of grain from farm to terminal is closely regulated. The CWB also works to develop new markets for Canadian wheat and has authority to enter into long-term supply contracts with foreign countries. Canal - A human-made waterway that is used for draining or irrigating land or for navigation by boat. - Everglades Plan glossary Canal - In September 1994 a meeting on "Heritage Canals" was held at Chaffeys Lock, Ontario, Canada. The expert meeting defined a canal as: ... a human-engineered waterway. It may be of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history or technology, either intrinsically or as an exceptional example representative of this category of cultural property. The canal may be a monumental work, the defining features of a linear cultural landscape, or an integral component of a complex cultural landscape (von Droste et al 1995: 433, Annex III). See Cultural landscape CANAMEX - The CANAMEX Trade Corridor as defined by Congress in the 1995 National Highway Systems Designation Act is a High Priority Corridor. The Corridor follows I-19 from Nogales to Tucson, I-10 from Tucson to Phoenix, US 93 in the vicinity of Phoenix to the Nevada Border, US 93 from Arizona to Las Vegas and I-15 from Las Vegas through Montana to the Canadian Border. However, CANAMEX is also a broad economic development concept that fosters trade and provides an opportunity for accelerated economic growth throughout the region. For several years there has been an interest in developing this Corridor, chiefly to facilitate transportation distribution, commerce and tourism. The region consists of Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Idaho and Montana in the United States; the Mexican states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Queretero, Estado de Mexico, and the Federal District; and the Canadian province of Alberta. CANAMEX focuses on opportunities for innovation in the following areas: · Development of safe and efficient multi-modal transportation networks. · Enhancement of global competitiveness (quality of education, accessible telecommunications infrastructure, appropriate regulatory environment). · Shared Commitment to the region's quality of life. The CANAMEX Trade Corridor will be distinguished by the development of five distinct elements: · Physical Infrastructure - The key goal of CANAMEX is the development of a continuous four lane highway from Mexico City to Edmonton, Canada following the route established by Congress. The highway requires multi-modal enhancements as well as efficient ports of entry. This includes roads and telecommunications infrastructure · Commercial Infrastructure - This includes transportation entities and distribution warehouses as well as regionally integrated technological infrastructure such as corridor wide trade databases ad electronic transportation information systems. The transportation and distribution industries are being impacted by e-commerce. The ability to access multiple markets is essential. · Business and Professional Services - Efficient trade movement requires the availability of various professional services including internal finance and legal expertise, customs brokers, consultants, as well as the support of academia. . Social, Political and Business Linkages - Preservation and sustainability of the CANAMEX region is important to all sectors. By investing in linkages between the relevant governmental institutions, business sectors and social organizations, entities, CANAMEX can channel growth and development in a way that is consistent with local development values and planning policies. Generally, the Canada to Mexico transportation corridor as specified by NAFTA: The CANAMEX Corridor from Nogales, Arizona, through Las Vegas, Nevada, to Salt Lake City, Utah, to Idaho Falls, Idaho, to Montana, to the Canadian Border as follows: ``(A) In the State of Arizona, the CANAMEX Corridor shall generally follow-- ``(i) I-19 from Nogales to Tucson; ``(ii) I-10 from Tucson to Phoenix; and ``(iii) Generally, the Canada to Mexico transportation corridor as specified by NAFTA of Phoenix to the Nevada Border. ``(B) In the State of Nevada, the CANAMEX Corridor shall follow-- ``(i) United States Route 93 from the Arizona Border to Las Vegas; and ``(ii) I-15 from Las Vegas to the Utah Border. ``(C) From the Utah Border through Montana to the Canadian Border, the CANAMEX Corridor shall follow I-15. ``(27) The Camino Real Corridor from El Paso, Texas, to Denver, Colorado, as follows: ``(A) In the State of Texas, the Camino Real Corridor shall generally follow-- ``(i) arterials from the international ports of entry to I-10 in El Paso County; and ``(ii) I-10 from El Paso County to the New Mexico border. ``(B) In the State of New Mexico, the Camino Real Corridor shall generally follow-- ``(i) I-10 from the Texas Border to Las Cruces; and ``(ii) I-25 from Las Cruces to the Colorado Border. ``(C) In the State of Colorado, the Camino Real Corridor shall generally follow I-25 from the New Mexico border to Denver continuing to the Wyoming border. ``(D) In the State of Wyoming, the Camino Real Corridor shall generally follow-- ``(i) I-25 north to join with I-90 at Buffalo; and I-90 to the Montana border. In the State of Montana, the Camino Real Corridor shall generally follow--I-90 to Billings; and Montana Route 3, United States Route 12, United States Route 191, United States Route 87, to I-15 at Great Falls; and I-15 from Great Falls to the Canadian border. CANARI - Caribbean Natural Resources Institute Candidate Species - A species for which there is on file (by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service) sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threats to support a proposal to list as a threatened or endangered species. Candidate Species - Any species of plant or animal listed in the for consideration to be listed as threatened or endangered by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS) under the Endangered Species Act. Definitions for Categories 1 and 2 candidate species, excerpted from the Federal Register, are as follows: Category 1: Taxa for which the USFWS currently has on file substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support the appropriateness of proposing to list them as endangered or threatened species. Presently, data are being gathered concerning precise habitat needs, and for some of the taxa, concerning the precise boundaries for critical habitat designations. Development and publication of proposed rules on these taxa are anticipated, but, because of the large number of such taxa, could take some years. Also included in category 1 are taxa whose status in the recent past is known, but that may already have become extinct. Category 2: Taxa for which information now in possession of the USFWS indicates that proposing to list them as endangered or threatened species is possibly appropriate, but for which substantial data on biological vulnerability and threat(s) are not currently known or on file to support the immediate preparation of rules. Further biological research and field study usually will be necessary to ascertain the status of the taxa in Category 2, and some of the taxa are of uncertain taxonomic validity. It is likely that some of the taxa will not warrant listing, while others will be found to be in greater danger of extinction than some taxa in category 1. Canopy - The part of any stand of trees represented by the tree crowns and other woody growth. Described as layers to the uppermost layer of foliage, but it can be used to describe lower layers in a multi-storied forest. CANPRRI - Canadian Property Rights Research Institute CANPSA - Community Action Network Public Service Award (the Ad Council) Cantilever - To project horizontally with one end of the structure (beam or slab) anchored into a pier or wall; also, the term for such an extension or for a projecting bracket. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary CAO - Chief Academic Officer CAP - Central Arizona Project CAP - Central Artery Project (FHWA) CAP - Civil Air Patrol CAP - Clean Air Plan CAP - Coordinated Activity Plan CAP - Common Agricultural Policy (UN/European Union) CAP - Community Air Project http://www.stlcap.org CAP - Concessioners And Permittees CAP - Conservation Advocacy Program CAP - Consumers Association of Penang CAP - Continuing Authorities Program CAP - Corrective Action Plan CAP - Criteria Air Pollutants CAP - Critical Area Planting Capable - Capable of Self-renewal With the Cumulative Effects of Human & Natural Disturbances Capability - The potential of an area of land to produce resources, supply goods and services, and allow resource uses under an assumed set of management practices and at a given level of management intensity. Capability depends upon current conditions and site conditions such as climate, silviculture or protection from fire, insects or disease (36 CFR 219.3). Capacity - The maximum power that a machine or system can produce or carry safely. The maximum instantaneous output of a resource under specified conditions. The capacity of generating equipment is generally expressed in kilowatts or megawatts. - Bioenergy Glossary Capacity Building - The process of building organizations, human resources and the legal and regulatory framework needed for effective and efficient water resources management. (FAO-UN) Capability Class - Categories used by the USDA, NRCS, to designate the suitability of soil phases for most farming practices. There are eight capacity classes. Capability Class I soils have the fewest limitations for agriculture and the widest range of use while Capability Class VIII soils have the most limitations to agricultural use. The capability class designations are found in the County soil surveys published by the USDA. Capacity Analysis - Determination of the limiting factor in an area's ability to grow and detailed evaluation of the capacity of that limiting factor, usually some element of infrastructure (existing or planned) or natural resources. Capacity Building - Not just the creation of and participation in new structures; above all it is the creation and development of new cultures. Capacity factor - (1) The ratio of the average load on a generating resource to its capacity rating during a specified period of time. (2) The amount of energy that the system produces at a particular site as a percentage of the total amount that it would produce if it operated at rated capacity during the entire year. - Bioenergy Glossary Cape Lookout National Seashore (CLNS) - Five-Year Strategic Plan (March 2000) Park Significance: Cape Lookout National Seashore is nationally recognized as an outstanding example of a dynamic natural coastal barrier island system. Cape Lookout is designated as a unit of the Carolinian-South Atlantic Biosphere Reserve, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO) Man and the Biosphere Reserve Program. The park contains cultural resources rich in the maritime history of humankind's attempt to survive at the edge of the sea. Cape Lookout provides critical habitat for endangered and threatened species and other unique wildlife including the legislatively protected wild horses of Shackleford Banks. The park represents a conscious change/control in the human use/development of the island. In 1995, the National Park Service (NPS) began actively working to comply with the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) to develop a performance management system that will be useful and used. This act requires both strategic planning and performance measurement -- setting goals and reporting results. The law also sets various deadlines. Most important, the Government Performance and Results Act seeks to make the Federal Government more accountable to the American people in its actions and expenditures. The National Park Service, with its mandate to preserve the nation's parks and treasures, can and must demonstrate its value to the American people. The National Park Service (NPS) Strategic Plan follows the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) of 1993. It reflects the NPS 1991 Vail Agenda, the 1994 Vision Document, the 1997 NPS Strategic Plan and 84 years of experience. Capital - The money or wealth needed to produce goods and services. See also human capital and physical capital. (UNESCO) Capital cost - The total investment needed to complete a project and bring it to a commercially operable status. The cost of construction of a new plant. The expenditures for the purchase or acquisition of existing facilities. - Bioenergy Glossary Capital Facilities - The land, building and other physical facilities under public ownership, or operated or maintained for public benefit, that are necessary to support development and redevelopment and to protect the public health, safety, and welfare. Capital facilities include the physical elements of infrastructure systems such as transportation, energy, telecommunications, water supply, wastewater disposal, storm water management, shore protection, solid waste management, public health care, public education, higher education, arts, historic resources, public safety, justice, public administration, and public housing. Capital Property - This includes depreciable property, and any property that, if sold, would result in a capital gain or a capital loss. You usually buy it for investment purposes or to earn income. Some common types of capital property include cottages, securities such as stocks, bonds, and units of a mutual fund trust, and land, buildings, and equipment used in a business or rental operation. Capitalism/Market Economy - An economy where economic resources are privately owned and economic decisions are answered by the marketplace with a limited role for government. Capitation - An assessment (tax) on each person (or head). Capper-Volstead Act - P.L. 67-146 (February 18, 1922), with a bit of exaggeration, is sometimes called the Magna Carta of Cooperation. The law was passed in response to challenges made against cooperatives using the Sherman Antitrust Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, and the Federal Trade Commission Act. It gave 'associations' of persons producing agricultural products certain exemptions from antitrust laws. The law carries the names of its sponsors, Senator Arthur Capper of Kansas and Congressman Andrew Volstead of Minnesota. CAPTA - Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (1973) Captured cluster - A cluster that does not support its own group of red-cockaded woodpeckers, but contains active cavity trees in use or kept active by birds from a neighboring cluster. - DOI/USFWS http://rcwrecovery.fws.gov/finalrecoveryplan.pdf CAR - Control And Restriction CARA - Conservation and Reinvestment Act CARA - Confiscation and Relocation Act CARB - California Air Resources Board Carbon Dioxide - A minor constituent of the air, comprising about 0.4% of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is essential to living systems, released by respiration and removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis in green plants and by dissolving in sea water. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have increased since the burning of coal and oil began on a large scale and is a significant greenhouse gas. (UNESCO) Carbon dioxide emissions per capita - The amount of carbon dioxide a country releases into the atmosphere during a certain period- usually one year- divided by the total population of that country. Large amounts of carbon dioxide are released when people burn fossil fuels and biomass- fuelwood, charcoal, dung- to produce energy. - World Bank Glossary Carcinogen - Any substance that produces or promotes cancer. This is a key consideration in evaluating the safety of pesticides and other chemicals. 2. Chemicals, ionizing radiation and viruses that cause or promote the development of cancer. Substances of this type are said to be 'carcinogenic'. (UNESCO) Carcinogenic - Ability to cause cancer. - EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Glossary Cardinality - a description of the association between data entities as either mandatory or optional. - Cadastral Data glossary CARE - Christian Action Research and Education (UK) CARE - Citizens for Accountability of Resources in Education CARE - Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere, Inc. CARE - Carrier Account Record Exchange (Sprint) CARE - Child Abuse Resource Enhancement CARE - Clinical Assessment of the Reliability of the Examination CARE - Closure And Realignment Effort/Execution CARE - Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics CARE - Combined Accident Reduction Effort (Illinois State Police) CARE - Computed-Aided Risk Evaluation CARE - Computer Assistance Resource Exchange CARE - Consolidated Assistance & Relocation Effort CARE - Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe CARE - Cooperative Alliance for Refuge Enhancement (CARE is a diverse group of 17 national non-governmental conservation and recreation organizations that has formed to focus attention on the National Wildlife Refuge System's funding needs. CARE members include: American Fisheries Society, American Sportfishing Association, Congressional Sportsman's Foundation, Defenders of Wildlife, Ducks Unlimited, Izaak Walton League of America, InternationalAssociation of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation, National Rifle Association of America, National Wildlife Refuge Association, Safari Club International, Trout Unlimited, The Wilderness Society, Wildlife Forever, The Wildlife Legislative Fund of America, and The Wildlife Management Institute. The Audubon Society appears to be the organizer of this alliance.) CARE - Cost Accumulating, Reporting & Evaluation CARE - Cost and Return Estimator CARE - Cottage And Rural Enterprises CARE - Curtailing Abuse Related to the Elderly CARE - Customer Account Record Exchange CARE - Customer Assistance Research & Education CARE - Customer Automation and Reporting Environment CARE - Customers for Access Rate Equity CARE - Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act CAREE - County Alliance to Restore Economy and Environment CARES - The Center for Agricultural, Resource and Environmental Systems at the University of Missouri - Columbia. Very involved in sustainable issues. Cargo Preference - The Cargo Preference Act (P.L. 83-664) requires that whenever the federal government pays for equipment, material, or commodities shipped to other countries, a minimum percentage of the gross tonnage shipped by sea must go by U.S. flag vessels. Cargo preference requirements have been an issue in U.S. international food aid and export subsidy programs. Cargo Preference Act - P.L. 83-644, as amended, contains permanent legislation concerning the transportation of waterborne cargoes in U.S.-flag vessels. The Act requires that 75% of the volume of U.S. agricultural commodities financed under P.L. 480 and other concessional financing arrangements be shipped on privately owned U.S.-registered vessels. Maritime interests generally support cargo preference, but proponents of P.L. 480 argue that it increases the costs of shipping U.S. commodities to poor countries and potentially reduces the volume of food aid that is provided. Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 (CBERA) - P.L. 98-67 (August 5, 1983), Title II, authorized unilateral preferential trade and tax benefits for eligible Caribbean countries, including duty-free treatment of eligible products. This law is commonly referred to as the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). Amended several times, the last substantive revisions were made in the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Expansion Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-382, Title II, August 20, 1990). This made trade benefits permanent (repealing the September 30, 1995 termination date). Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) - A permanent program designed to increase private investment, trade, and tourism in Caribbean countries, initially created by the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 and amended several times. It gives preferential trade and tax benefits for eligible Caribbean countries, including duty-free entry of eligible products. To be eligible, an article must be a 'product' of (as defined in the U.S. general rules of origin) a beneficiary country and imported directly from it, and at least 35% of its import value must have originated in one or more CBERA beneficiaries. Slightly different import value rules apply to articles entering from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The duty-free import of sugar and beef products is subject to a special eligibility requirement that a beneficiary country submit and carry out a stable food production plan ensuring that increased production of sugar and beef will not adversely affect overall food production. Preferential tariff treatment, though, does not extend to imports of: textiles and apparel subject to textile agreements, specified footwear, canned tuna, petroleum and its products, and watches and watch parts containing any material originating in countries denied most-favored-nation trade status. Special criteria apply to the duty-free import of ethanol through FY2000. Import- sensitive products, not accorded duty-free tariff treatment, are eligible to enter at lower than most-favored-nation tariff rates. These products include handbags, luggage, flat goods (such as wallets, change purses, and key and eyeglass cases), work gloves, and certain leather wearing apparel. CARICOM - The Caribbean Community CARICOM - Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) - A 20-year-old customers union of former British colonies who sought to expand by building ties to nearby Spanish-speaking countries. CARIS - CILHI [Central Identification Laboratory in Hawaii (US Army) ] Automated Recovery Identification System CARIS - Current Agricultural Research Information System CARL - Conservation and Recreation Lands Carlin Trend - An area 25 miles west of Elko in northeast Nevada that has become the most productive gold district in the United States. In this 5- by 40-mile area gold production over the past several years has exceeded 4 million ounces a year. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. The Carlyle Group - A private equity, which involves buying up companies in private deals and reselling them. CARNIVORE - DCS1000 (Digital Collection System)(Definitive Codification) CARODSAC - Citizens Aware of and Rallying in Opposition to the Deliberate Sickening of American Citizens CARP - Citizens Against the Refuge Proposal Carr - A wetland willow thicket. (NPS) Carrying Capacity - The maximum stocking rate for livestock possible without damaging vegetation or related resources. Carrying capacity may vary from year to year on the same area, due to fluctuating forage production. Used by the government in decisions about how much livestock will be allowed on an allotment on public lands. The maximum density of an animal species which a given environment or range is capable of sustaining, without deteriorating that environment or range. 2. Conventionally defined as the maximum population size of a given species that an area can support without reducing its ability to support the same species in the future. In the human context, it is sometimes defined as the maximum "load" (population x per capita impact) that can safely and persistently be imposed on the environment by people. See also ecological footprint. (UNESCO) Carryover - The supply of a farm commodity not yet used at the end of a marketing year and carried over into the next year. An excessively large carryover is typically described as a surplus condition that causes prices to fall. When the carryover falls below normal, there may be concerns of a shortage contributing to price escalation. Cartel - An alliance or arrangement among industrial or commercial enterprises or nations aimed at limiting competition or exercising monopoly power in a market. CARTERRA - The name CARTERRA is derived from "carta" (Latin for "map") and "terra" (Latin for "Earth"). CARTERRA is a grid of elevation points, similar to an image, representing the topography and terrain of an area. DEMs are digital elevation models. CARTERRA DEMs come in three varieties. CONUS-1, short for 1 arc-second (30 meter) DEM of the Continental United States; CONUS-3, 3 arc-second (90 meter); and GlobalDEM, seamless 30 arc-second, Aerial Images Collected by Space Imaging's DAIS-1 Sensor. CAS - California Academy of Sciences CAS - Chemical Abstracts Service CAS - Community Assessment Systems (DOI) CAS - Country Assistance Strategy (World Bank) CASBDC - California Academy of Sciences Biodiversity Research Center Cascade aeration - Aeration of an effluent stream through the action of falling water. - Bioenergy Glossary CASE - Citizens for A Sound Economy CASE - Council for Advancement and Support of Education Case or Controversy - The provisions of the U.S. Constitution setting out the powers of the Federal judiciary, define those powers in using two different but related words "cases" and "controversies". See U.S Constitution, Article III, section 2. In framing judicial authority these words also represent limits. The Federal Courts do not, under Article III, have the power to resolve legal questions that do not arise out of an actual dispute between real parties. In some states, by contrast, the highest courts have jurisdiction to hear and provide advisory opinions on questions submitted by the state legislature. A statute attempting to give such jurisdiction to the Federal courts would run into the Constitutionally based requirement of a "case" or "controversy". For examples of cases in which the Supreme Court has found this critical element lacking, see, e.g., Arizonans for Official English v. Arizona, No. 95-974 (March 3, 1997) and Renne v. Geary, U.S. (1991). This basic limit on judicial power has led to more specific limiting doctrines, including: mootness, ripeness, and standing. - Supreme Court glossary Casein - The major portion of milk protein, manufactured from skim milk and used in processed foods (such as dessert toppings and coffee whiteners) and in industrial products such as glue, paint and plastics. Case Law - Precedents established in previously decided court cases that may influence future interpretations of law or the disposition of future court cases. (BIS) Casemate - A chamber within a fortification built with overhead cover, and therefore resistant to bombs or high-angled shell fire. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary CASI - Christian Agricultural Stewardship Institute CASPIAN - Consumers Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion and Numbering http://www.nocards.org and http://www.spychips.com CAST - Council on Agricultural Science and Technology Caste System - The strict social segregation of people on the basis of ancestry and occupation. Casual Use - Activities ordinarily resulting in negligible disturbance of federal lands and resources. (BLM) Casual Use - Mining activities that only negligibly disturb federal lands and resources. Casual use does not include the use of mechanized earth moving equipment or explosives or the use of motorized equipment in areas closed to off-road vehicles. Under casual use, operators do not have to notify BLM, and operations do not need to be approved. But operations are subject to monitoring by BLM to ensure that federal lands do not undergo unnecessary or undue degradation. Casual use operations must be reclaimed. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. CAT - Carrier-Aided Tracking (GPS) CAT - Clean Air Trust CAT - Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment Catalytic Converter - A device that is fitted to the exhaust system of a motor vehicle (or larger versions can be fitted to the smoke stack of industrial plants) that is able to reduce the amount of harmful pollutants that are released into the air while the vehicle (or industrial plant) is operating. (UNESCO) Catastrophe - A random environmental event of great consequence. - DOI/USFWS http://rcwrecovery.fws.gov/finalrecoveryplan.pdf Catchment - A surface from which runoff is collected. Examples include roofs, paved surfaces, or constructed surfaces covered with plastic. Catchment Area - An area having a common outlet for its surface runoff (also see Drainage Area or Basin, Watershed). http://www.crh.noaa.gov/hsd/hydefa-c.html Catchment area - The area from which rainfall flows into a river, reservoir, etc. (FAO-UN) Categorical Exclusion - A category of action not presently applicable to timber sales (Forest Service, USDA), used extensively in the past to put smaller timber sales on the fast track and avoid public participation. Under the USFS definition of a categorical exclusion, no extraordinary circumstances exist which might cause a significant impact in the specific case, some actions can be "categorically excluded" from documentation in an EA or EIS. Unlike an EA or EIS, there is no formal pre-decision comment period with a categorical exclusion (except for scoping). Categorical exclusion (CE or CX) - A CE/CX excludes certain categories of Federal actions from further NEPA documentation because these categories of actions have been determined in a public process to have no significant affect on the environment nor do they involve unresolved conflicts concerning alternative uses of available resources. There are 11 of these CEs for the Department of Interior and 30 CEs specific for Reclamation. Reclamation prepares a Categorical Exclusion Checklist (CEC.) to document if a proposed action meets the criteria for being categorically excluded from further NEPA documentation. An action may fall under a particular CE but may not meet the checklist criteria. Examples of actions that can qualify for a CE include: ~ Nondestructive data collection, inventory, study, research, monitoring. ~ Maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement of existing facilities which may involve a minor change in size, location and/or operation. - Bureau Of Reclamation -- BOR -- Water Acquisition Glossary 2. A category of actions (identified in agency guidance) that do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment, and for which neither an environmental assessment nor an EIS is required (40 CFR 1508.4). - BLM 2. A management decision to exclude a particular action from certain NEPA processes (i.e., no scoping, no EA). - Bioenergy Glossary Categorical Exclusion Evaluation (CEE) - An environmental document required by NEPA for Federal projects that do not have a significant effect on the environment. Category - Is the generic term for items at any level within a classification, typically tabulation categories, sections, subsections, divisions, subdivisions, groups, subgroups, classes and subclasses. Classification categories are usually identified by codes (alphabetical or numerical) which provide both a unique identifier for each category and denote their place within the hierarchy. They contain elements which are subsets of the classification to which they belong, such as activities, products, types of occupations, types of education, etc. Refer also to Item. (UN) Category 1 Species - Species for which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has enough information on biological vulnerability and threats to support their listing as endangered or threatened species. Category 2 Species - Species for which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has information suggesting the possible appropriateness for listing as endangered or threatened. Catellus Development Corporation - Headquartered in San Francisco, California. Catellus Development Corporation is a diversified real estate operating company with a portfolio of rental properties and developable land. Operations consist primarily of the management, acquisition, development and sale of real estate. The Company has four primary lines of business: Asset Management Group, which provides management and leasing services for Catellus' rental portfolio; Commercial Group, which acquires and develops suburban commercial business parks for the Company's own rental portfolio or for sale to third parties; Residential Group, which acquires and develops suburban residential communities and sells finished lots to homebuilders, and Urban Group, which develops large urban mixed-use sites for Catellus' own rental portfolio or for sale to third parties. The following is excerpted from: http://www.senate.gov/~feinstein/desert_protection_act_5th_anniv.html The California Desert Protection Act, sponsored by Senator Dianne Feinstein, was signed into law on October 31, 1994, eight years after former California Senator Alan Cranston introduced the effort. This landmark legislation designates two national parks Death Valley and Joshua Tree and one national preserve the Mojave. Celebrating its fifth anniversary, the measure has been a wonderful success. Recently, Senator Feinstein was successful in protecting even more of this magnificent natural resource. For the year 2000 budget, Senator Feinstein requested that Congress provide funding under the Land and Water Conservation Fund to purchase environmentally sensitive private properties now owned by the Catellus Development Corporation in the desert. To encourage our nation's westward expansion, in 1864 Congress gave the railroad industry every other section of land in a 50 mile swath in what is now the Mojave National Preserve and Joshua Tree National Park. Most of this remaining checkerboard arrangement of land is now owned by Catellus. Because of an agreement by the Wildlands Conservancy to provide $26.1 million toward this important goal, Catellus agreed to sell these lands at well below market value. Catellus provided a significant in-kind contribution to allow the purchase of 437,000 acres of California desert in and around the Mojave National Preserve. The new agreement will protect 200,000 acres of habitat critical for the endangered desert tortoise, 150,000 acres for bighorn sheep and the largest cactus gardens in the world at Bigelow Cholla Gardens. The land also includes rights-of-way for 165 jeep trails and dirt access roads leading to 3.7 million acres of land used for hunting, hiking and camping. The FY 2000 Interior Department appropriations bill includes $15 million for this purchase with a pledge of an additional $15 million to complete the deal in 2001. The transaction is already one of the biggest land acquisitions in California history and one of the most substantial gifts ever to the American people. The California Desert Protection Act protects 7.7 million acres now managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the National Park Service. The legislation: Designated nearly 3.5 million acres of BLM land in the California desert as wilderness; Added 1.2 million acres of land to Death Valley National Monument and redesignated the monument a National Park; Adds 234,000 acres to Joshua Tree National Monument and redesignated the area a National Park; Established a new 1.4 million-acre Mojave National Preserve; Created the Death Valley and Joshua Tree National Parks and the Mojave National Preserve; Transferred 20,500 acres of Bureau of Land Management land to the State of California to expand the Red Rock Canyon State Park. The Mojave National Preserve has been called the "crown jewel" of the California Desert Protection Act. This 1.4 million-acre area lies at the confluence of three great deserts: the Mojave, Sonoran, and Great Basin deserts. Because it is at the junction of three major desert ecosystems its biological resources are extremely varied. The area contains 11 mountain ranges, four dry lakes, cindercones, badlands, innumerable washes, mesas, buttes, lave beds, caves, alluvial fans, and one of California's most complex sand dune systems. The geographic diversity is rivaled by the diversity in the park's plant life that ranges from creosote bush to pinyon pines and juniper woodlands in the higher elevations. Death Valley National Park has more than 3.3 million acres of spectacular desert scenery, interesting and rare desert wildlife, complex geology, undisturbed wilderness, and sites of historical and cultural interest. Bounded on the west by 11,049 foot Telescope Peak and on the east by 5,475 foot Dante's View, Death Valley's Badwater is the lowest point (-282 feet) in the Western Hemisphere. For more information, visit the Death Valley National Park website. The Joshua Tree National Park is comprised of two deserts and two large ecosystems primarily determined by differences in elevation. Few areas in the world more vividly illustrate the contrast between high and low desert. Below 3000 feet (910 meters), the Colorado Desert, occupying the eastern half of the park, is dominated by the abundant creosote bush. Adding interest to this arid land are small stands of spidery ocotillo and cholla cactus. The higher, slightly cooler, and wetter Mojave Desert is the special habitat of the undisciplined Joshua tree, extensive stands of which occur throughout the western half of the park. The park also contains some of the most interesting geologic terrain found in California's deserts. CATEX - Categorical Exclusion Cation - An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. - USDA Cation Exchange - Replacement by a cation in solution for an absorbed cation of negatively charged sites of a solid. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) - The sum total of exchangeable cations that a soil can absorb, expressed in centimolesc per kg of soil or colloid. Cation-exchange capacity - The total amount of exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated pH value. The term, as applied to soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity but is more precise in meaning. - USDA CATO - Civilian Automated Training Office CATO - Combat Arms Training Organization (Army) CATO Institute - Founded in 1977, the Cato Institute is a nonpartisan public policy research foundation headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institute is named for Cato's Letters, libertarian pamphlets that helped lay the philosophical foundation for the American Revolution. CATX - Categorical Exclusion CAUSA - Confederation of Associations for the Unification of the Societies of the Americas CAUV - Current Agricultural Use Value CAV - Canadian Environment Voters Cave - Any naturally occurring void, cavity, recess, or system of interconnected passages which occurs beneath the surface of the earth or within a cliff or ledge (including any cave resource therein, but not including any vug, mine, tunnel, aqueduct, or other manmade excavation) and which is large enough to permit an individual to enter, whether or not the entrance is naturally formed or manmade. Such term shall include any natural pit, sinkhole, or other feature, which is an extension of the entrance. - BLM Cave Resource - Any naturally occurring void, cavity, recess, or system of interconnected passages beneath the surface of the earth or within a cliff or ledge, including any cave resource therein, and which is large enough to permit a person to enter, whether the entrance is excavated or naturally formed. Also included is any natural pit or sinkhole. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Cavity - A hole or excavated hollow in a tree often used by natural phenomena, wildlife species, usually birds, for nesting, roosting and reproduction. Cavity Excavator - An animal that constructs cavities in trees for nesting or roosting. CB - Caribbean Basin CB - Catchment Basin CB - The College Board CB - Community-Based CB - Consensus-Building CB - Conservation Buffers CB - Controlled Burn CBA - Central Business Area CBA - cost-benefit analysis CBB - Cattlemen's Beef Board CBC - Children's Book Council CBC - Clean-Burning Coal (Utah) CBC - Communities By Choice (United Nations) CBC - Coors Brewing Company CBC - Customs Brokers Council CBCT - Cross border chemical traffic (economic) CBD - Center for Biological Diversity CBD - Center for Biological Diversity (formerly the Southwest Center for Biological Diversity; the name change reflects its expansion into California and Oregon) CBD - Conservation Biology Division CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity (UN) CBD - Conservation by Design (The Nature Conservancy - TNC) http://nature.org/tncscience/ CBE - Columbia Basin Ecosystem CBEC - Columbia Basin Environmental Council CBED - Centers for Border Economic Development CBEP - Community-Based Environmental Protection CBEP - Also known as Community Based Environmental Protection (CBEP), the Office of Sustainable Ecosystems and Communities (OSEC) fosters the implementation of integrated, geographic approaches to environmental protection with an emphasis on ecological integrity, economic sustainability, and quality of life. OSEC is involved in developing and supporting demonstration projects, tools, and policies that support CBEP activities. CBF - Chesapeake Bay Foundation CBFA - California Beach Fishermen Association CBFWA - Columbia Basin Fish & Wildlife Authority CBGP - Capacity-Building Grants Program (California ReLeaf) CBGS - Columbia Basin Geological Society CBHD - Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity CBHH - Contiguous Bottomland Hardwood Habitat CBI - Consensus Building Institute CBIA - The Coastal Barrier Improvements Act CBMP - Citizen-Based Groundwater Monitoring Program CBNRM - Community-Based Natural Resource Management (UN) CBO - Community Based Organization CBO - Community-Building Organization (Earth Charter - UN) CBO - Congressional Budget Office CBP - Common Business Practice CBP - Common Business Process CBP - Community-Based Planning CBP - County Business Patterns CBPP - contagious bovine pleuropneumonia CBR - California Business Roundtable CBRA - Coastal Barrier Resources Act CBRA - The Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 CBRFD - Community-Based Recreation Facility Development CBRS - Coastal Barrier Resources System CBS - Contour Buffer Strips CBTP - The Caltrans Community Based Transportation Planning grant program CBU - Core Business Unit CBWR - Coos Bay Wagon Road CC - Cadmium Council CC - Capitulation Counseling CC - Catchment Committees CC - Catellus Corporation CC - Champion Communities (EZEC) CC - City Council CC - Civil Conflict CC - Civilian Code (GPS) CC - Clear-Cut CC - Closed Circuit CC - Coalition of Counties CC - The Coalfield Coalition (southwest Virginia, located in the Tennessee Valley Authority - TVA) http://arc.gov/infopubs/appalach/ CC - Commerce Clause CC - Common Cause CC - Common Conclusion CC - Communications Channels CC - Community Coalition CC - Concealed Carry CC - Concentration Compromise CC - Concerned Citizen CC - Connecting Corridors CC - Consensus Council CC - Conservation Council (predecessor to the Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources) CC - Conservation Covenant CC - Conservation Cover CC - Consumer Confidence CC - Contract Compliance CC - Convergence Criteria CC - Cooperating Collection CC - Corporate Communities CC - Counter Culture CC - Cover Crop CC - Cross Country CC - Cultural Council CCA - Candidate Conservation Agreement (DOI/USFWS) CCA - Candidate Conservation Agreements CCA - Certified Crop Advisor http://caheinfo.wsu.edu/focus/2002spring/crop.html CCA - Children's Charities of America CCA - Chromated copper arsenate CCA - Climate Change and Agriculture CCA - Climate Crisis Action CCAA - Candidate Conservation Agreements with Assurances (DOI/USFWS) CCAMLR - Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources CCAPA - California Chapter of the American Planning Association CCAPD - The Commission on Conservation and Administration of the Public Domain (1929, Herbert Hoover's administration) CCAR - Coordinating Committee for Automotive Repair CCATT - Citizens Caring About Their Town CCB - County Conservation Board CCC - California Coastal Commission aka The Coastal Commission CCC - Cancer-Causing Chemicals CCC - Catastrophic Climate Change CCC - Christians Caring for Creation ('environmental' group) CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps CCC - Commodity Credit Corporation CCC - Communication Conflict Change CCC - Consultation, Cooperation and Coordination (BLM-DOI) CCC - Consumers Choice Counsel CCC - Cooperative Christian Civilization CCC - Cultural Carrying Capacity CCCARP - Concerned Citizens Coalition for American Resource Providers CCCEF - The Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting (U.S. Dept. of Transportation) CCCL - Coastal Construction Control Line CCCP-CP - The China-Canada Cooperation Project in Cleaner Production CCCPLNRA - The Clark County Conservation of Public Land and Natural Resources Act of 2002 (Nevada) CCCU - Council for Christian Colleges & Universities CCD - Charge Coupled Device CCD - United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification CCD - Cross-Cultural Dialogue CCDMT - Casper College, Department of Mining Technology (Wyoming) CCE - Climate Change Economics CCE - The Center for Civic Education. This NGO has developed 'national standards' in 13 individual areas - such as history, civics, economics, and social studies with funding and guidance from the federal Department of Education. The CCE is developing text books and teaching aids which extol the virtues of 'the world view' with an almost complete ignorance of the traditional values of anything dealing with the United States of America. One current civics textbook developed by the CCE: We The People: The Citizen and the Constitution -- is sold to schools by the Federal Government for $10.00, compared to the normal $67-87.00 for other civics texts -- teaches that the US Constitution and Bill of Rights are 18th Century documents and [that they] show the guarantees which have been, reflecting the age in which they were written and have no validity in the modern age. [pg. 206] This textbook teaches that the United Nations "Declaration of Human Rights" are the correct status of human rights, and which ends with "These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations." http://www.civiced.org/ CCE - Community Culture and the Environment (EPA) CCEBSS - Center for the Conservation and Eco-development of the Bay of Samana and its Surroundings CCF - Council on Contemporary Families CCF - Hundred cubic feet CCFA - The Central Coast Forest Association (California) CCFAS - Coalition for a Competitive Food and Agriculture System CCFRKBA - Citizen's Committee For the Right to Keep and Bear Arms CCG - Climate Change Government (Kyoto Protocol, FCCC) CCG - Council on Compulsive Gambling CCGAUS - Consolidated Cattle Growers Association of the United States CCHE - California Cultural and Historical Endowment CCHW - Citizens Clearinghouse for Hazardous Wastes CCI - Colorado Counties, Inc. CCI - Cooperative Conservation Initiative CCIC - Caw Caw Interpretive Center (South Carolina) CCICF - Chemtrail Concentration Into Cloud Formations CCITT - See ITU CCIW - Canadian Center for Inland Waters CCL - Construction Completion List - EPA has developed a construction completion list (CCL) to simplify its system of categorizing sites and to better communicate about the successful completion of cleanup activities. Inclusion of a site on the CCL has no legal significance. CCLG - The Consortium of Centers for Local Governance, Inc. CCMA - The Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment http://ccmaserver.nos.noaa.gov/welcome.html CCMS - The Center for Contemplative Mind in Society CCO - Community Conservation Objectives CCOPS - Concerned Citizens Opposed to Police States CCOR - Central Conference of American Rabbis CCP - Central City Pattern CCP - Community Cultural Profiling CCP - Comprehensive Conservation Plan CCP - Comprehensive Conservation Planning CCPR - Citizens for Constitutional Property Rights CCPREF - Citizens for Constitutional Property Rights Educational Foundation CCR - Conservation Crop Rotation CCR - Consumer Confidence Report CCRKBA - Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms CCRP - Continuous Conservation Reserve Program CCRWQCB - The Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (California) http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ CCS - CLEAR Consulting Service CCS - Commonly Consumed Species (plant or animal) CCS - Comparative Case Study CCS - Comprehensive Conservation System CCSA - Connecticut Crushed Stone Association CCSAS - Custer County Sustainable Agriculture Society CCSP - Challenge Cost-Share Program (DOI/USFWS) CCSSO - Council of Chief State School Officers CCT - The old Central California Traction Line CCT - Colville Confederated Tribes (Washington State) CCT - Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow CCTU - California Council of Trout Unlimited CCTV - Closed Circuit Television CCWA - Columbus (OH) Council on World Affairs CCWCASNPCPA - The California Clean Water, Clean Air, Safe Neighborhood Parks and Coastal Protection Act of 2002 CD - California Desert CD - Civil Defense CD - Cloud Deck CD - Collateral Damage CD - Compact Development CD - Compact Disc CD - Congressional Delegation CD - Conservancy District CD - Consumer Demand CD - Consumer Dollar CD - Controlled Drainage CD - Cornwall Declaration CD - Corporate Devastation CD - Cross-Discipline CD - Cross-Dock CD - Cultural Diversity CDA - Capability Demonstration Assessments (DOI) CDA - Copper Development Association CDAAA - Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies C/DB - Connectivity/Diversity Blocks CDB - Central Data Base CDB - County Development Board CDBG - Community Development Block Grant CDBR - The Chihuahuan Desert Biosphere Reserve (DOI/NPS/United Nations - http://www.nps.gov/bibe/mab.htm) CDC - California Department of Conservation CDC - Center(s) for Disease Control CDC - Conservation Data Centers (TNC) CDC - Conservation and Development Commission CDC - Constitution Defense Council CDCA - California Desert Conservation Area CDCP - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDD - Character Deficit Disorder CDDO - California Desert District Office (BLM) CDF - Children's Defense Fund CDETS - Consent Decree Tracking System CDFE - Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise CDM - Clean Development Mechanism CDMG - California Division of Mines and Geology CDP - Census Designated Places CDPR - Confidential Doctor-Patient Relationship CD-ROM - Compact Disc-Read Only Memory CDS - Closed Door Session CDS - Compliance Data System CDT - Center for Democracy and Technology CDT - Conservation and Development Trust CDTC - Community Development Training Conference CDW - Cultural Diversity Workshop CE - Categorical Exclusion CE - Citizens for the Environment CE - City Environment CE - Clean Energy CE - Conservation Easement CE - Cooperative Extension CE - Corps of Engineers CE - Cost Externalization CE - Country Edge CEA - Canadian Exporters' Association CEA - Cooperative Enforcement Agreement CEA - cost-effectiveness analysis CEA - Council of Economic Advisors CEA - Critical Environment Area CEBAF - Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility CE - Caloosahatchee Ecoscape (Florida) (DOI/USFWS) CEC - California Energy Commission CEC - CERCLA Education Center (EPA) CEC - Colorado Environmental Coalition CEC - Commission for Environmental Cooperation http://www.cec.org/ 'Beware' of this group. CEC - Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America CEC - (The North American) Commission for Environmental Cooperation CEC - Commission of European Communities CEC - Conservation Education Campaign CECNA - Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America (little used; CEC is the more often used and more recognized acronym for this "Commission") CECWO - Corps of Engineers, Civil Works Directorate, Operations Division http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/functions/cw/cecwo/ CECWO - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Directorate of Civil Works Operations http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/functions/cw/cecwo/ CED - Committee for Economic Development CED - Community Economic Development CED - Concept Exploration and Definition CEDP - Community and Economic Development Program (Michigan State University) CEE - Center for Environmental Education, Inc. CEE - Center for Environmental Education CEE - Council for Environmental Education (Project WILD) http://www.projectwild.org CEED - Center for Energy and Economic Development CEELI - The Central and Eastern European Law Initiative, a project of the American Bar Association CEEM - Center for Energy and Environmental Management CEF - Citizen Education Fund CEF - Citizenship Education Fund (Jesse Jackson) CEG - Council for Excellence in Government CEHP - Centre for Environmental History and Policy CEI - Character Education Institute CEI - Competitive Enterprise Incorporated CEI - Competitive Enterprise Institute Ceiling trolley - A wheeled carriage running on, or in, tracks fastened to the ceiling, from which a projectile was suspended for movement. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary CEIP - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace CEL - Center for Environmental Living CELC - Coastal Ecosystem Learning Centers http://www.coastalamerica.gov/text/learning.html CELB - Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (founded by the Ford Motor Company Fund with $25M) CELDF - Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund CELL - California Early Literacy Learning CELM - Conceptual Ecological Landscape Models http://www.sfrestore.org/crogee/ra13/ra13full.pdf CEM - the Canadian Environmental Monitor (a twice-yearly survey of Canadians on environmental attitudes and behavior) CEM - Change Enablement Methodologies CEM - Continuous Emissions Monitoring Cement-stabilization - To stay chemical activity in cement; to prevent further deterioration. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary CENADE - The Center for Action and Support of Rural Development Cenomanian-Santonian Ages - Span of geologic ages including Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian during Late Cretaceous time, 98 to 84 million years ago. - BLM Census of Agriculture - A comprehensive set of quantitative information on the agricultural sector of the U.S. economy, broken down to the state and county levels (i.e., number of farms, land in farms, crop acreage and production, livestock numbers and production, production expenses, farm facilities and equipment, farm tenure, value of farm products sold, farm size, type of farm, among other data). The Census, conducted every 5 years and last published for 1992, was the responsibility of the Commerce Department's Bureau of the Census. However, the FY1997 USDA appropriations act transferred funding for the Census of Agriculture to USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), which intends to start data collection for the 1997 Census in January 1998. Census Water - Streams, sloughs, estuaries, canals, and other moving bodies of water 200 feet wide and greater, and lakes, reservoirs, ponds, and other permanent bodies of water 4.5 acres in area and greater. - USDA/FS 2. Includes water bodies of at least 40 acres and perennial streams at least 1/8 mile wide. Also referred to as Large water bodies and Large streams. - National Resources Inventory Center - A compact form of development with a Core, a significant residential component in neighborhoods around the Core within a Community Development Area. Centers range in scale from an Urban Center, to a Regional Center, Town Center, Village, and Hamlet. There is a Community Development Boundary separating the Center from its Environs. Center of Diversity - Geographic region with high levels of genetic or species diversity. - UNDP/WRI Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) - The agency within the Food and Drug Administration responsible for regulating the food processing industry. Legislation in this area normally is handled by the House Commerce Committee, except for seafood, which is under the jurisdiction of the House Agriculture Committee. Center of Endemism - Geographic region with numerous locally endemic species. - UNDP/WRI Centre - See UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Secretariat - UNESCO World Heritage Glossary Center Pivot Irrigation - A self-propelled irrigation system in which a single pipeline supported on towers rotates around a central point. These systems are typically about one- quarter mile long and serve 128 to 132 acre circular fields. Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) - A term for the group of countries including Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, and the three Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). Central Angle - An angle with the vertex at the center of the Earth, with one ray passing through the hypocenter (and also the epicenter) and the other ray passing through the recording station. - USGS Earthquake glossary Central America - Actually a region within Middle America. Central America comprises the republics that occupy the strip of mainland between Mexico and Panama: Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Central Planning/Planned Economy - An economic system where economic resources are owned by the government and the government makes all economic decisions. Central and Southern Florida Project - A multi-purpose project, first authorized by Congress in 1948, which provides flood control, water supply protection, water quality protection and natural resource protection. - EvergladesPlan glossary Central Valley Project (CVP) - The Federal water storage and transportation system in California, providing 20 percent of delivered water in the state, a percentage of which is dedicated to agriculture and to fish and wildlife purposes. The project also provides power generation and flood control. "The nation's largest water project." - Bureau Of Reclamation -- BOR -- Water Acquisition Glossary Central Valley Project Improvement Act (CVPIA) - In one of its last actions of the session, the 102nd Congress passed multipurpose water legislation which was signed into law October 30, 1992. Previously referred to as H.R. 429, Public Law 102-575 contains 40 separate titles providing for water resource projects throughout the West. Title 34, the Central Valley Project Improvement Act, mandates changes in management of the Central Valley Project, particularly for the protection, restoration, and enhancement of fish and wildlife. Ten major areas of change include: 800,000 acre-feet of water dedicated to fish and wildlife annually; tiered water pricing applicable to new and renewed contracts; water transfers provision, including sale of water to users outside the CVP service area; special efforts to restore anadromous fish population by 2002; restoration fund financed by water and power users for habitat restoration and enhancement and water and land acquisitions; no new water contracts until fish and wildlife goals achieve; no contract renewals until completion of a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement; terms of contracts reduced from 40 to 25 years with renewal at the discretion of the Secretary of the Interior; installation of the temperature control device at Shasta Dam; implementation of fish passage measures at Red Bluff Diversion Dam; firm water supplies for Central Valley wildlife refuges; and development of a plan to increase CVP yield. Centrifugal Force - Forces from within a State that tend to divide it. Causes of conflicts within a State. Centripetal force - Forces from within a State that unite it. Forces that keep a country together. CENYC - The Council on the Environment of New York City http://www.cenyc.org CEO - Code Enforcement Officer CEO - European Commission Center for Earth Observation Project (UN) CEOI - Chief Executive Officer Institute CEOR - Center on Exempt Organization Responsibility CEOS - Committee on Earth Observation Satellites CEP - Council on Economic Priorities CEPA - Classification of Environmental Protection Activities (UN) CEPA - Commonwealth Environmental Protection Agency (IUCN) CEPD - Conservation and Environmental Programs Division (USDA) CEPF - The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. CEPF is a $150 million fund designed to better safeguard the world's threatened biodiversity hotspots in developing countries. It is a joint initiative of Conservation International (CI), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. Cephalopod - A member of the most highly developed class of mollusks that swim by ejecting a jet of water from the mantle cavity through a muscular funnel. Most of those preserved as fossils had straight to symmetrically coiled shells divided into chambers by transverse septa. - BLM (DOI) Grand Escalante Staircase National Monument DEIS Glossary CEPPO - The Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office (CEPPO) provides leadership, advocacy and assistance to prevent and prepare for chemical emergencies; respond to environmental crises; and, inform the public about chemical hazards in their community. To protect human health and the environment, CEPPO develops, implements, and coordinates regulatory and non-regulatory programs. CEQ - Council on Environmental Quality CEQA - California Environmental Quality Act CEQR - City Environmental Quality Review CERA - Citizens Equal Rights Alliance CERB - Coastal Engineering Research Board CERC - Coastal Engineering Research Center CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund) CERCLA - The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, was enacted by Congress in 1980. This law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. CERCLIS - Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act CERCLIS - The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Information System (CERCLIS) is an EPA database of information about Superfund sites. This information is intended for EPA employees to use for management of the Superfund program. CERD - Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination CERES - California Environmental Resources Evaluation System CERES - Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (NASA) CERES - Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics CERES - The Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies http://www.ceres.org/ CERES - Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (A coalition of businesses, advocacy groups, unions, accountants, academics, and government representatives, and include more than 90 indicators of environmental, social, and economic performance - from greenhouse gas emissions and waste management to human rights and child labor records. The GRI standards could meet the growing demand from investors, activists, accounting bodies, and governments for thorough information about business practices, while streamlining the reporting process for companies. CERL - Construction Engineering Research Library CERN - The European Particle Physics Laboratory (Geneva, Switzerland) CERP - The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (Florida) CERP - Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (Wildlands Project) CERTAIN - Coalition to End Racial Targeting of American Indian Nations Certificate of water right - An official document that serves as court evidence of a perfected water right. - USGS Certified Applicator - A person who is authorized to apply "restricted-use" pesticides as result of meeting requirements for certification under FIFRA-mandated programs. Applicator certification programs are conducted by states, territories and tribes in accordance with national standards set by EPA. "Restricted use pesticides" may be used only by or under the direct supervision of specially trained and certified applicators. - EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Glossary Certiorari (cert.) - The U.S. Supreme Court gives full consideration to but a small fraction of the cases it has authority to review. With many important categories of cases, the party seeking Supreme Court review does so by "petitioning" the Court to issue a "writ of certiorari." (See, e.g., 28 U.S.C. 1254, 1257, 2350.) (Some state appeals courts -- e.g., Ala., Ark., Colo., Conn., Fla., Ga., La., N.J. -- employ the same terminology.) If the Court decides to review one or more issues in such a case it grants "certiorari" (often abbreviated as "cert."). If the Court decides not to review the case it denies "cert." While a decision to deny cert. lets the lower court's ruling stand, it does not constitute a decision by the Supreme Court on any of the legal issues raised by the case. Rule 10 of the Supreme Court Rules lists some of the considerations that may lead the Court to grant certiorari. But the decision to grant or deny cert. is discretionary. Under long-standing internal Court practice if four justices favor granting a petition for cert. it will be granted. Originally, the writ of certiorari was a proceeding through which a superior court required a lower court to submit the full record of a case for review. Under the current rules and practice of the Supreme Court, however, key elements of the proceedings below are submitted along with a petition for certiorari. (See Supreme Court Rules, Rule 14.) And in some states the old terminology has been replaced. In Arizona, for example, relief formerly obtained by the writs of prohibition, mandamus and certiorari is now obtained through a "special action." The Court's orders granting or denying cert. are issued as simple statements of actions taken, without explanation. During each Supreme Court term, the LII's Supreme Court collection includes a running list linking to these and other orders or actions taken without full opinion by the Court. - Supreme Court Glossary CERTs - Community Economic Revitalization Teams CES - Center for Energy Studies (Louisiana State University) CES - Center for Environmental Science (University of Maryland) CES - The Centre for Environmental Strategy (England) CES - Commission on Environment and Sustainability (Canada) CES - Coastal Ecosystem Science. Coastal ecosystem science is the study of inter-relationships among the living organisms, physical features, bio-chemical processes, natural phenomena, and human activities in coastal ecological communities. At NOAA's National Ocean Service (NOS), coastal ecosystem science centers on the study of five categories of ecosystem stressors: Climate change, such as increases in sea level and ocean temperature; Extreme natural events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and harmful algal blooms; Pollution, such as excess nitrogen from agricultural and urban runoff; Invasive species, such as the lionfish and zebra mussel; and Land and resource use, such as over-harvested fisheries. Authorizing Mandates: Six laws and one executive order authorize most of NOS coastal ecosystem science activities. They are the (1) Estuary Restoration Act; (2) Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998; (3) Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990; (4) National Invasive Species Act of 1996; (5) National Coastal Monitoring Act; (6) National Marine Sanctuaries Act; and (7) Coral Reef Protection Executive Order. NOS uses research, monitoring and assessments to better understand and apply its knowledge of stress factors on coastal ecosystems. The programs and projects that support this effort are lengthy. They span from broad ecosystem-wide and watershed-scale to microbiological and analytical chemistry projects that delve into DNA analysis and bio-chemical reactions. To synthesize the array of many science investigations on an ecosystem scale, NOS develops integrated assessments. These describe the ecosystem, assess its current condition or health, forecast future ecological health based on current management, and evaluate alternative management options and their consequences. For NOS, understanding the ecological effects of environmental stressors is a priority in those ecosystems and those areas where responsibilities are mandated by legislation or executive order. These include coral reef ecosystems, the nation's estuaries, 13 national marine sanctuaries, 25 national estuarine research reserves (NERRS), and ocean ecosystems. The focus of NOS coastal ecosystem science is summarized below. Coral Reefs: NOS coastal ecosystem science works to understand the extent of and reasons for the decline of coral reefs and to provide managers with more effective ways to protect them. Research projects examine interactions between natural factors, human activities and coral health. Some specific projects include: Regional watershed assessment of the causes and impacts of multiple stresses on Florida Bay and the Florida Keys; Characterization and assessment of the distribution of coral reef habitats and the strength of species affinities for those habitats; and Remote sensing analysis to assess habitat changes in and around coral reefs. Estuaries: The NOS approach to estuary research is to produce information that increases understanding of these complex coastal systems and improves the ability to protect and restore habitats within them. Estuary research is grouped into four categories: ecosystem structure and function, human health, habitat mapping, and large-scale trend analysis and indicators. Work in estuaries includes the national estuarine research reserves (discussed below). Examples of estuary research include: Regional watershed assessment of the causes and impacts of multiple stresses on Chesapeake Bay; Monitoring for contaminant concentrations in mussels, oysters, and sediments at over 350 estuarine and coastal sites nationwide; Toxicology research to establish links between land use and the presence of chemical contaminants in marine and estuarine ecosystems nationwide; and Developing distribution, relative abundance, and life history characteristics of ecologically and economically important fishes and invertebrates in the nation's estuaries. National Marine Sanctuaries: Within the nation's marine sanctuaries, NOS coastal ecosystem science aims to develop integrated assessments in support of the national marine sanctuary science plan. Top priorities of the plan are the need to understand (1) the status and trends of sanctuary resources on local, regional, and national scales; (2) the nature, level, and trends of human uses within each sanctuary; and (3) the nationally significant themes at the sanctuary level such as essential habitat identification, biodiversity, and conservation. Some projects include: Documenting ecological links, components, and processes that dominate sanctuary waters in California; and Predicting fish larvae transport to and from Grays Reef National Marine Sanctuary to determine areas most in need of protection. National Estuarine Research Reserves: The goal of NOS ecosystem science at NERRS sites is to support research and management efforts at each reserve. Some projects include: Compiling environmental contaminant data at various NERRS sites and assessing the environmental conditions at those sites; Developing citizen monitoring protocols for salt marsh restoration in North Carolina and California NERRS sites; Conducting research on macroalgae biomass on mudflats at the Kachemak Bay Reserve in Alaska. Oceans and Coastal Waters: Throughout the U.S. coastal and ocean regions, NOS studies how to improve ecological and oceanographic predictions for fisheries management. It also supports research on the effects of climate change on the abundance of fishery resources. Example projects include: Predicting fishery populations for pollock in the Bering Sea, cod and haddock on Georges Bank in the North Atlantic, and salmon in the Pacific Northwest; Stock assessments of recreational and commercial fish stocks-menhaden, spotted sea trout, weakfish, and red drum-in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico; and Forensic analysis for enforcing illegal sale of game fish and taking managed fish during periods of fishery closure. http://www.nos.noaa.gov/topics/coasts/ecoscience/welcome.html CESA - Cooperative Educational Service Agency CESB - Council of Engineering and Scientific Specialty Boards CESCF - The Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund (DOI/USFWS) CESCF - Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund (DOI) http://endangered.fws.gov/landowner/grants.pdf CESI - Critical Ecosystem Studies Initiative CESP - Commission on Environmental Strategy and Planning CESSE - Council of Engineering and Scientific Society Executives CET - Center for Transportation and the Environment http://itre.ncsu.edu/cte/cte.html CETA - Cleaning Equipment Trade Association CETAP - Community & Environmental Transportation Acceptability Process (Riverside County, California, is the first publicly-published location for this 'plan') CETOS - Center for Ethics and Toxics CEU - Coastal Exclusion Unit (DOI/NPS) CF - Commercial Fishponds CF - Community Facilities CF - Community Foundation CF - Community Fund CF - Composting Facility CF - Conservation Financing CF - Conservation Force (an international sustainable use conservation organization located in Louisiana) CF - Conservation Foundation CF -The Conservation Fund CF - Continuous Fuels (relating to wildfires/forest fires) CF - Contour Farming CF - Copy For CF - Copy Furnished CF - Corporate Foundation CF - Creature Features CF - Crown Fires CFA - California Forestry Association CFA - Cascadia Forest Alliance CFA - Coastal Focus Areas CFA - Conservation Finance Alliance C-FACT - The Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow C-FAM - Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute CFAT - The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching CFC - Citizens For Change CFC - Clark Fork Coalition CFC - Common Fund for Commodities CFCs - Chlorofluorocarbons CFER - Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research program, Corvallis, Oregon (DOI/BLM) http://www.fsl.orst.edu/cfer CFF - Campaign for Family Farms CFG - Corporate Front Groups CFLI - Coalition for Fair Lumber Imports (Georgia) CFMP - Cooperative Forest Management Program (Westvaco) CFO - Chief Financial Officer CFOL - Creature Features Of Landscapes CFP - Corporate and Foundation Partners CFR - Campaign Finance Reform CFR - Code of Federal Regulations CFR - Committee on Foreign Relations CFR - Comprehensive Facility Review CFRA - Center For Reclaiming America CFRAMP - CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Program (UN) CFS - Council of Fleet Specialists Cfs - Abbreviation of cubic feet per second. - USGS Cfs-day - The volume of water represented by a flow of 1 cubic foot per second for 24 hours. It equals 86,400 cubic feet, 1.983471 acre-feet, or 646,317 gallons. - USGS Cfsm (cubic feet per second per square mile) - The average number of cubic feet of water per second flowing from each square mile of area drained by a stream, assuming that the runoff is distributed uniformly in time and area. - USGS CFT - Coalition Focus Team CFTA - Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association CFTB - California Franchise Tax Board CFTC - Commodity Futures Trading Commission CFU - Colony Forming Units (was couched in a water glossary with no further explanation or definition) CFVC - Citizens for a Fair Vote Count CFWRU - Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units (funded by the DOI, U.S. Department of Agriculture, EPA, Department of Defense, NOAA, and other Federal and State agencies) CG - Challenge Grant, Community Groups CG - Coordinating Group CGA - Contrail-Generating Application CGAA - Citizen-based Global Affairs agendas CGB - Corporate Governmental Boundaries CGEE - Center for Global Environmental Education http://cgee.hamline.edu/waters2thesea/concepts.htm CGF - Committee for Green Foothills http://www.greenfoothills.org/ and http://www.greenfoothills.org/glossary/ CGFS - Committee on the Global Financial System (BIS) CGG - Commission on Global Governance (UN) CGG - The Commission on Global Governance (United Nations) CGLG - Council of Great Lakes Governors (Ohio's Governor Bob Taft is Chairman) CGNW - Communities for a Great Northwest CGP - Central Government Planning CGP - Corporate Giving Program CGP - Common Good Properties CGS - Carolina Geological Society CGS - Contour Grass Strips CGS - Contracting and General Services CGSDYSP - The Cadiz Groundwater Storage and Dry-Year Supply Program CGT - Canadian Grain Trade CGWA - Controlled Ground Water Area CH - Carbonate Habitat CH - Commission for the Humanities CHAE - Choi Kyu Chae, an environmentalist, is the president of Tumil Li Nature School. Early on, he became interested in a nature-friendly life and because of this went to Seoul Municipal College of Agriculture. Thinking he should acquire a more specialized education in the environment to enlighten people on a nature-friendly lifestyle, he went to Denmark to study at Haslev University. In 1986, he set out to realize his life long dream: the establishment of a nature school. He found a site for the school in Hasec Li, Kapyung Kun, Kyunggi Do. His conducting of environmental education has been in high gear since 1989. The motto of his education is, let the children feel the importance of their environment through actual activities in the field, rather than cram into their heads all those principles and suggestions. He carefully devised his curriculum against the demand for studying the environment by means of memorization. After they plant seeds under the guidance of teachers, the kids are supposed to come and see every turn of the seasons, witnessing how their plants are growing. The children who came here 10 years ago as elementary students are now college students and occasionally come to serve as environmental teachers. There's nothing special in this school, it's just surrounded by nature. Children sow seeds here, see their efforts bear fruit, catch crayfish in the valley and look at the stars in the night sky, learning to cherish the value of the beauty of nature. People who need advice for starting a school of this kind find great hope here. They get to realize the true meaning of environmental education, which can be successfully performed without expensive or advanced equipment. Many people have the same idea, of teaching and spreading this kind of message in every corner of the country. The life of Choi Kyu Cheol tells us a mans will can be as great as that of nature. He received the First Grassroots Environment Prize offered by UNEP Global 500 Korean Associations, an organization of 10 members who had been given the Global 500 Prize by UNEP which has offered the prize to people all over the world recognized for their contribution to preserving nature. Needless to say, it's very honorable to receive this prize. Surprisingly, he refused to accept it at first, saying he did what he thought should be done and it wasn't meant for any kind of reward. His dream is to make the whole country a kind of teaching place for the environment; bee schools in the bee-keeping places, orchard schools in the orchards, etc. He wants to make the best use of small spaces here and there. Thousands of children have been students at the environment school and they return to their homes to live nature-friendly lives. Severely handicapped as he is, Mr. Choi shows us the meaning of a healthy and beautiful environment in its real sense through his life dedicated to loving and preserving nature. Chain - (1) A land surveyor's measure - 66 feet or 100 links; (2) a directed non-branching sequence of non-intersecting line segments and/or arcs bounded by nodes, not necessarily distinct, at each end. Area chain, complete chain, and network chain are special cases of chain, and share all characteristics of the general case as defined above. - Cadastral Data glossary Chain of Title - A chronological list of documents, which comprise the recorded history of title of a specific piece of real estate. - Cadastral Data glossary Chaining - The use of a large ship-anchor chain pulled between two large crawler tractors to pull down or uproot brush. - USDA DEIS Upper & Lower East Fork Cattle and Horse Allotment Management Plans glossary (Sawtooth National Recreation Area, Sawtooth National Forest, Custer County, Idaho Chaining (with regard to transportation) - Combining trips, for instance, stopping at the grocery store on the way home from work instead of going home and then going out again. Chaining reduces the number of cold starts for automobiles and enhances the possibilities for retail development around transit stops, as well as for shared parking in many cases and Center-like development generally. Chamfer - An oblique surface cut on the edge or corner of a board, usually sloping at forty-five degrees. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Change Agent - A change agent is someone who is willing to take the lead when it comes to changing things; is visionary enough to see ahead of the curve and be guided by what is not changing; and has the ability to motivate others to embrace change. Being a change agent means you can make your own list and add or subtract to any list as things change. Being an instructional leader; taking the time to get to know the people one hopes to change, as well as the situation they are in. It doesn't mean being their "fake" friend either, but it does mean empathizing and earning credibility first, and structuring change to fit the situation. Being a change agent means taking the long view. Whether we want to change or not and whether we like change or not are no longer the issues. For the change agent, the focus is learning how to hang in on the edge of chaos. That's where change happens. Change Insurgent - The natural progression of change agent, which is fast becoming obsolete. Change Management - Activities involved in (1) defining and instilling new values, attitudes, norms, and behaviors within an organization that support new ways of doing work and overcome resistance to change; (2) building consensus among customers and stakeholders on specific changes designed to better meet their needs; and (3) planning, testing, and implementing all aspects of the transition from one organizational structure or business process to another. - Forest Service http://svinet2.fs.fed.us/recreation/permits/final1.htm Channel - A natural or artificial watercourse with a definite bed and banks to confine and conduct continuously or periodically flowing water. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. 2. Channel (watercourse) - An open conduit either naturally or artificially created which periodically or continuously contains moving water, or which forms a connecting link between two bodies of water. River, creek, run, branch, anabranch, and tributary are some of the terms used to describe natural channels. Natural channels may be single or braided (see Braiding of river channels) . Canal and floodway are some of the terms used to describe artificial channels. - USGS Channel - A natural or artificial watercourse, with a definite bed and banks, to confine and conduct continuously or periodically flowing water. - Everglades Plan glossary Channel - The bed of a river, stream, drainage ditch, or other waterway that transports a concentrated flow of water. Channel Morphology - The structure and form of a stream channel. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. Channel storage - The volume of water at a given time in the channel or over the flood plain of the streams in a drainage basin or river reach. Channel storage is great during the progress of a flood event. (See Horton, 1935, p. 3.) - USGS Channel Types - The following are the channel types, as defined by Rosgen, 1985. A Type - in well confined and moderate sinuosity. B Type - is moderately confined and moderate sinuosity. C Type - in unconfined and moderate to high sinuosity. D Type - is multiple channels and very high sinuosity Channelization - Engineering watercourses by straightening, widening, or deepening them so water will move faster. While improving drainage, this process can interfere with waste assimilation capacity, disturb fish and wildlife habitats, and aggravate flooding. Channelization - The straightening and deepening of streams to permit water to move faster, reducing the area subject to flooding. Channelization, particularly concrete channels, may impair or destroy the stream's natural functions. - Cornell Preservation Glossary Channery soil - A soil that is, by volume, more than 15 percent thin, flat fragments of sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as much as 6 inches along the longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. - USDA Chaparral - Areas with broad-leaved evergreen shrubs found in climates with hot dry summers and mild wet winters. - NPS Ecology and Restoration Glossary Char - The remains of solid biomass that has been incompletely combusted, such as charcoal if wood is incompletely burned. - Bioenergy Glossary Character-defining / distinctive feature - Features particular to a historic structure that distinguish and/or typify its character in terms of its original visual and structural design (and engineering), and in terms of its historic function or use. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary 2. A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of a cultural landscape or historic structure that contributes significantly to its physical character. (See also: Cultural Landscape.) - DOI/NPS http://www.nps.gov/cuva/management/rmprojects/ruraleis/ Characteristic - Qualities that constitute a character, that characterize a landscape; a distinguishing trait, feature, or quality; uniqueness; attribute. - FS Characteristic Diversity - The pattern of distribution and abundance of populations, species, and habitats under conditions where humanity's influence on the ecosystem is no greater than that of any other biotic factor. - UNDP/WRI Characteristic Landscape - The established landscape within an area being viewed. This does not necessarily mean a naturalistic character. It could refer to an agricultural setting, an urban landscape, a primarily natural environment, or a combination of these types. (BLM) Characteristic Species - Species that are localized within a group and provide the most typical expression of the group's ecology. Characteristicity - The property whereby the sample of prices or quantities and the weights used in an international comparison conform closely to a representative sample of items and to the weights of each of the countries included in the comparison. (UN) Charette - A French term for a small, two-wheeled cart; at the Ecole Nationale et Spéciale des Beaux-Arts instructors collected students' drawings for assigned projects in a charette and the term came to be associated with the process of designing, and in particular with a work in progress by a group of architectural professionals. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary Charter - The "contract" between jurisdictions within a COI (Community Of Interest) that defines the Purpose, Objectives, Roles and Responsibilities, and other necessary agreements and conditions needed to work within the COI. - GWOB Charters - The term "charter" is used for particularly formal and solemn instruments, such as the constituent treaty of an international organization. The term itself has an emotive content that goes back to the Magna Charta of 1215. Well-known recent examples are the Charter of the United Nations of 1945 and the Charter of the Organization of American States of 1952. (UN) CHC - Critical Habitat Corridor CHD - Critical Habitat Designation CHD - Combined Health District CHE - The Collaborative on Health and the Environment (umbrella group of virtually every extreme environmental group) CHE - Cultural and Historical Endowment CHEA - Council for Higher Education Accreditation Check dam - A small dam constructed in a gully or other small water course to decrease the streamflow velocity, minimize channel erosion, promote deposition of sediment and to divert water from a channel. - USGS Checking - Separations of the wood that normally occur across or through the annual rings, usually as a result of seasoning. - EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Glossary Chelation - The formation of strong bonds between metals and organic compounds. Some chelates are insoluble, such as in soil humus. Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number - A unique identifier assigned to each chemical and to some mixtures of chemicals by the Chemical Abstracts Service, a division of the American Chemical Society. This number is used worldwide. The CAS registry number includes up to 9 digits, which are separated into 3 groups by hyphens (xxxxxx-xx-x). The first part of the number, starting from the left, has up to 6 digits; the second part has 2 digits. The final part consists of a single check digit or checksum that makes it easy to determine whether a CAS number is valid or not. Chemical Control - The use of pesticides and herbicides to control pests and other undesirable plant species. Chemical weathering - Attack and dissolving of parent rock by exposure to rainwater, surface water, oxygen, and other gases in the atmosphere, and compounds secreted by organisms. Contrast physical weathering. - USGS Chemigation - The application of a pesticide and/or fertilizer through any irrigation system. This delivery technique raises some concern that it may cause increased pollution. Chemocline - Sharp gradient in chemical concentration; the boundary in a meromictic lake separating an upper layer of less-saline water that can mix completely at least once a year (mixolimnion) from a deeper, more saline (dense) layer (monimolimnion) that never is mixed into the overlying layer. - Shoreland Mgmt. Glossary Chemosterilant - A chemical that controls pests by preventing reproduction, thereby causing the population to collapse. This contrasts with chemicals that directly kill pests. Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Chicago (1897 U.S. Supreme Court): The Chicago ruling held that the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment was made applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment. - Zoning (Case Law) Glossary Child Mortality Rate - The probability of dying between the ages of one and five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. (WB-UN) Chipko Movement - A grassroots, community-led movement in India opposing indiscriminate deforestation. Originating among village women in the Himalayan foothills of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh in 1974. 'Chipko' means 'to embrace' in Hindi. The movement took its name from women who embraced trees to prevent them from being felled. Over the years the Chipko campaign has gradually evolved into a fully-fledged conservation movement. (UNESCO) Chipping - The reduction of woody residue by a portable chipper to chips that are left to decay on the forest floor. CHIPS - Children's Health Insurance Program Chiseling - Tillage with an implement having one or more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen hard compacted layers to a depth below normal plow depth. - USDA CHL - Critical Habitat Lawsuit Chlorine demand - The difference between the amount of chlorine added to water, sewage, or industrial wastes and the amount of residual chlorine remaining at the end of a specific contact period. Compare residual chlorine. - USGS Chlorite - A nonexpanding clay mineral having a silica tetrahedral, an alumina octahedral, a silica tetrahedral, and a magnesium hydroxide (brucite) octahedral layer, has a 2:2 or 2:1:1 crystal structure. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - Organic compounds made up of atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. CFCs are often used as a refrigerant in refrigerators and air-conditioners and in the manufacture of some plastics such as Styrofoam. They are a potent greenhouse gas and their use is currently being phased out. (UNESCO) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - Cheap synthetic gases that serve as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners and as propellants in aerosol spray cans. Although originally considered harmless, CFCs are now known to accumulate in the earth's atmosphere, where they destroy the protective ozone layer and trap the sun's heat- contributing to the greenhouse effect (see greenhouse gases). The use of CFCs is now controlled by the Montreal Protocol, an agreement signed by many countries. - World Bank Glossary Chlorosis - The conditions of plants when chlorophyll fails to develop and plants are yellowish white to white and poorly developed. - BLM Surface Mgmt. Regs. CHMS - Carbonate Habitat Management Strategy Choke point - A constricted geographical area, easy to defend. - NPS Architecture, Fortifications, and Preservation glossary CHOICE - Center for Humanitarian Outreach and Intellectual Exchange CHOICE - Consumers for Healthy Options In Children's Education CHOKE - Coalition to Help Organize a Kleaner Environment Cholera - Any of several diseases of man and domestic animals usually marked by severe gastrointestinal symptoms. (UNESCO) Cholera - Infectious and often-fatal disease of the digestive system acquired by drinking contaminated water. - UNEP Children's Glossary CHP - Combined heat and power CHR - Center for Human Rights (UN - WIPO) CHR - Chatham House Rule (no disclosure of events at meetings) CHR - Cultural and Historic Resources (DOI) CHRF - Committee on Human Resources and Facilities Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) - An inorganic arsenical; the most prevalent of the waterborne wood preservatives, commonly used anywhere termites and decay attack may occur, both indoors and outdoors. Applications include decks, fences, landscape architecture, playground equipment, docks, marinas, utility poles, bridges, highway sound barriers, roller coasters, wood foundations, mine shafts, and more. - EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Glossary Chronic Disease - An illness, such as heart disease or asthma that is ongoing or recurring but is not caused by infection and is not passed on by contact. (WB-UN) Chronic Toxicity - The capacity of a substance to cause long- term or delayed adverse health effects. For example, a cancer resulting from exposure to a carcinogen may not appear for years or decades. CHRSG - Compliance History Rulemaking Stakeholder Group CHU - Critical Habitat Unit Chute spillway - The overall structure that allows water to drop rapidly through an open channel without causing erosion. Usually constructed near the edge of dams. - USGS Chutzpa or Chutzpah - Unmitigated effrontery or impudence. CI - Capital Improvements CI - Champion International CI - The Chlorine Institute, Incorporated CI - Claremont Institute CI - Conservation Information CI - Conservation International CI - Corporate Investment CIAD - Canadian International Development Agency CIB - Center for the Inland Bays http://www.inlandbays.org/ CIBN - The Canadian Indigenous Biodiversity Network (UN) CICA - U.S. - Mexico Border Information Center on Air Pollution (The acronym CICA derives from the Center's name in Spanish: Centro de Información sobre Contaminación de Aire) http://www.epa.gov/ttn/catc/cica/about_e.html CICI-2003 - The International Conference on the Contribution of Criteria and Indicators to Sustainable Forest Management: The Way Forward (UN) CICR - Capital Improvement Coordination and Review Circularity or Transitivity - The property of indices when the price or quantity relationship among any two of three countries is the same, whether derived from an original-country comparison between them or from the comparison of each country with any third country. In the case of three countries, where I is a price or quantity index and j, k and I are countries, the circularity test is satisfied if Ij/k = Ij/i /Ik/i. When this test is satisfied, there is a unique cardinal scaling of countries with respect to relative quantities and prices. (UN) Circumboreal - Distributed around the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere in the boreal zone. (NPS) CID - The Central Idaho recovery area (wolf reintroduction) (DOI/USFWS) http://mountain-prairie.fws.gov/wolf/annualrpt02/2002report.pdf CID - Common International Database CID - Consortium for Idahoans with Disabilities CIDA - The Canadian International Development Agency CIDC - Crop Intensification, Diversification and Commercialization CIEL - Center for International Environmental Law CIES - Childhood International Education Seminar CIESIN - Center for International Earth Science Information Network CIF - Center for Individual Freedom CIF - The Conservative Internet Forum CIFOR - Ce |