Wolf teacher workshop
 
 
 
(Note: This information is compiled in order to provide the reader with tools to see the language deception at work, regarding large predator "re" introduction and the "Endangered" species ruse. The Wildlands Project is the retaking of natural resources -- including land, water, minerals, and "human resources" -- by whatever means works for those with the agenda. Removing people and private property ownership from all places rural is part and parcel of this. Disarming people -- or telling them they cannot shoot predators, which is virtually the same thing -- means predators lose both their fear of and respect for rural folks. Only a fraction of the Language Deception has been highlighted.)
 
 
 
August 24, 2006
 

 

From: Kimberly_King-Wrenn@fws.gov or 505-864-4021

 

Subject: Wolf teacher workshop

 

Mexican Gray Wolf Teacher Workshop
 
 
Saturday, September 16th, 2006
 
 
9:00 AM - 4:00 PM
 
 
Rio Grande Zoo, Albuquerque, New Mexico
 
 
 
Come learn about the wolf in New Mexico and how you can use this charismatic animal to capture your students' attention for lessons about science, math, social studies and language arts.
 
Get a copy of Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge's new teacher's guide to the Mexican gray wolf, packed with lessons coordinated to the State standards and benchmarks.Discover ways to make your next zoo field trip even more educational.
 
 
Contact the Rio Grande Zoo to register
 
505-764 -6214
 
 
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Leavenworth NFH [National Fish Hatchery] Complex - Discovery Boxes: Nasikelt River Discovery Center Education Kits
 
Teachers, make your reservations for these popular boxes in advance by calling Susan Blair, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service at 509-548-6662 ext. 226 or  Susan Thomas, U.S. Forest Service 509-548-6977 ext. 237
 
Wolf Discovery Box (Grades K-12) 
 
This box provides an excellent way for students to learn about these mammals that live in our region. Materials include: wolf and coyote hides, skulls, tracks and scat. Box also contains a cassette of wolf howls, videos, reference books and a curriculum guide. 
 
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service - Pacific Region
 
 
 
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Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge: Region 3 Resource Center Trunks & Kits 
 
3815 American Blvd. East 
 
Bloomington, MN 55425 
 
952-854-5900 
 
Fax:  612-725-3279
 
Wolf Trunk
 
The Wolf Trunk features learning stations that are adaptable for all ages. This trunk includes games, videos, skulls, pelt samples, tracks, scent boxes, and more. (2 trunks available)
 
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
 
 
 
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service AudioVisual Productions: Videotapes 
 
 
March 2004
 
Pocosin Lakes National wildlife Refuge: Where Wildlife and People Naturally Come Together  - The Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife office is located in the northeast corner of North Carolina, in the town of Columbia. As they have for centuries, waterfowl, geese and other birds fly south to spend fall and winter here. The refuge harbors a wide variety of wildlife and unique natural resources. Pocosin Lakes provides sanctuary for several endangered animals such as the red-cockaded woodpecker and the red wolf. There are many adventures at Pocosin Lakes for visitors and locals alike. 11 minutes, Captioned. 
 
Recovering A Species: The Red Wolf - This is the story of the Red Wolf, an animal nearly annihilated in the North American wilderness by hunting, trapping, and human development. By 1967 the Red Wolf was America's most endangered species. So in the mid 1970's, biologists began capturing the last remaining wolves in search of any purebred animals before they were lost. After an extensive search, the biologists found only 17 purebred Red Wolves. Due to the severity of the situation, in 1987, biologists developed a captive breeding program and a scientific plan to return Red Wolves to the wild. Nearly thirty years after a captive program began, there are almost 300 Red Wolves that live in North America, in zoos, breeding facilities, and in the wild. Through a conscientious effort, wildlife preservation methods continue to bring the Red Wolf back from the brink of extinction. 23 minutes. November 2000.
 
 
703 358-2141 or 800-582-3421
 
 
 
News Media Organizations:
 
Contact USFWS Public Affairs/Broadcasting - 703 358-2141
 

Narrated productions or distance learning broadcasts:
 
National Conservation Training Center
 
Media Library - 304-876-7675
 
698 Conservation Way
 
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
 
 

To purchase copies of USFWS video footage: Video Transfer, Inc. 
 
5800 Arundel Avenue 
 
Rockville, MD 20852 
 
301--881-0270
 
Fax: 301-770-9131 
 
 
You may submit your request via mail, fax or e-mail. Orders will be filled within one week. Orders must be requested in writing, and can be paid with VISA, MasterCard, American Express, check drawn from a U.S. bank, or money order.
 
NOTE: Other vendors offering the same or similar services who desire a link should contact Nan Rollison at 703-358-2141, or nan_rollison@fws.gov
 
 
 
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Gray wolf - canis lupus: U.S. Fish & WIldlife Service 
 

Historically, most Native Americans revered gray wolves, trying to emulate their cunning and hunting abilities. However, wolves became nearly extinct in the lower 48 states in the early part of the 20th century because settlers believed wolves caused widespread livestock losses. Constantly persecuted and targeted by large scale predator eradication programs sponsored by the federal government, wolves have been pursued with more passion and determination than any other animal in U.S. history. By the time wolves were finally protected by the Endangered Species Act of 1973, they had been exterminated from the lower 48 states, except for a few hundred that inhabited extreme northeastern Minnesota.
 
Second only to humans in their adaptation to climate extremes throughout the world, gray wolves were equally at home in the deserts of Israel, the deciduous forests of Virginia and the frozen Arctic of Siberia.
 
Within the continental United States, gray wolves once ranged from coast to coast and from Canada to Mexico.
 
Wolf groups, or packs, usually consist of a set of parents (alpha pair), their offspring and other non-breeding adults. Wolves begin mating when they are 2 to 3 years old, sometimes establishing lifelong mates. Wolves usually rear their pups in dens for the first six weeks. Dens are often used year after year, but wolves may also dig new dens or use some other type of shelter, such as a cave. An average of five pups are born in early spring and are cared for by the entire pack. They depend on their mother’s milk for the first month, then they are gradually weaned and fed regurgitated meat brought by other pack members. By 7 to 8 months of age, when they are almost fully grown, the pups begin traveling with the adults. Often, after 1 or 2 years of age, a young wolf leaves and tries to find a mate and form its own pack. Lone dispersing wolves have traveled as far as 500 miles in search of a new home.
 
Wolf packs usually live within a specific territory. Territories range in size from 50 square miles to more than 1,000 square miles depending on how much prey is available and seasonal prey movements. Packs use a traditional area and defend it from strange wolves. Their ability to travel over large areas to seek out vulnerable prey makes wolves good hunters.Wolves may travel as far as 30 miles in a day. Although they usually trot along at 5 mph, wolves can attain speeds as high as 45 mph for short distances.
 
Indirectly, wolves support a wide variety of other animals. Ravens, foxes, wolverines, vultures and even bears feed on the remains of animals killed by wolves. In some areas, bald eagles routinely feed on the carcasses of animals killed by wolves during the winter. Antelope are swift, elk are alert, and mountain goats can climb steep cliffs because of the long term evolutionary effect of wolf predation. Wolves also help regulate the balance between these ungulates (hoofed animals) and their food supply, making room for smaller plant eaters such as beaver and small rodents.
 
Wolves are noted for their distinctive howl, which they use as a form of communication. Biologists do not know all of the reasons why wolves howl, but they may do so before and after a hunt, to sound an alarm and to locate other members of the pack when separated. Wolves howl more frequently in the evening and early morning, especially during winter breeding and pup rearing. Howling is also one way that packs warn other wolves to stay out their territory.
 
Early settlers moving westward severely depleted most populations of bison, deer, elk and moose -- animals that were important prey for wolves. With little alternative, wolves turned to sheep and cattle that had replaced their natural prey. To protect livestock, ranchers and government agencies began a campaign to eliminate wolves. Bounty programs initiated in the 19th century continued as late as 1965, offering $20 to $50 per wolf. Wolves were trapped, shot from planes and snowmobiles, dug from their dens, and hunted with dogs. Animal carcasses salted with strychnine were left out for wolves to eat. Unfortunately this practice also indiscriminately killed eagles, ravens, foxes, bears and other animals which fed on the poisoned carrion.
 
Today about 2,200 wolves live in the wild in Minnesota, fewer than twenty on Lake Superior’s Isle Royale, about120 in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, 120 in Wisconsin, and about 240 in the northern Rocky Mountains of Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. Wolves currently are being reintroduced to Arizona and New Mexico.
 
An occasional wolf is seen in Washington State, North Dakota or South Dakota.
 
Populations fluctuate with food availability and strife within packs, and, primarily, due to killing by people.
 
Gray wolves are listed under the Endangered Species Act as threatened species in Minnesota and as endangered species elsewhere in the lower 48 states. Endangered means a species is considered in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range, and threatened means a species may become endangered.
 
In Alaska, wolf populations number 5,900 to 7,200 and are not considered endangered or threatened.
 
Wolf recovery under the Endangered Species Act has been so successful that in June 1998 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced that it would review the species’ status and consider delisting or reclassifying specific wolf populations where appropriate. The wolf's comeback has been attributed to a combination of scientific research, conservation and management programs, and education efforts that helped to increase public understanding of wolves.
 
Successful reintroduction and management programs have greatly accelerated wolf recovery in the Rocky Mountains. Gray wolves have greatly expanded their numbers thanks to science-based wolf and wolf habitat management; restoration of wolf prey species such as deer, elk and moose; and habitat and legal protection.
 
In Minnesota, where the largest wolf population in the lower 48 states resides, a state program provides compensation for livestock confirmed to be killed by wolves, and a federal program provides for trapping of individual wolves guilty of depredation. In other areas a private compensation program run by an organization that supports wolf restoration, Defenders of Wildlife, pays for livestock killed by wolves.
 
Wolf recovery and management are very polarized, controversial, and emotional issues often stemming from people’s attitudes, fears and misunderstandings more than wolves themselves. Attitudes are often based on inaccurate information, making wolf management perhaps more difficult than any other wildlife management program.
 
For example, some people continue to carry the unfounded fear that wolves attack people or threaten outdoor activities. 
 
In fact, wolves generally avoid humans. While wolves certainly have the ability to kill people, there has never been a verified report of a healthy wild wolf deliberately attacking or seriously injuring a human in North America. Wolves can be very tolerant of human activity if they are not deliberately persecuted so there is rarely a reason to restrict human activity, including logging and mining, simply because wolves live in the area.
 
For the past twenty years, Yellowstone National Park has been at the center of debates over the wolf. By about 1930, wolves had been deliberately extirpated from the western United States, including Yellowstone. After years of comprehensive study and planning, the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service reintroduced gray wolves into Yellowstone and U.S. Forest Service lands in central Idaho. In 1995 and 1996, 31 wolves from Canada were temporarily held in pens before being released in Yellowstone National Park. At the same time 35 wolves were released on remote Forest Service lands in Idaho. All of the reintroduced wolves were fitted with radio collars and monitored by biologists from the Fish andWildlife Service and other cooperating agencies. The reintroduction has been very successful and by December 1997 about 80 wolves lived in each area.
 
The Yellowstone and Idaho wolves are designated as non-essential, experimental under the Endangered Species Act. This designation allows federal, state and tribal agencies and private citizens more flexibility in managing these populations. Wolves that prey on livestock will be removed and, if necessary, destroyed. Ranchers may kill wolves they catch in the act of preying on their livestock on private lands. They may be issued a permit to do the same on public lands after certain conditions are met. The experimental program has worked so well in the northwestern United States that a similar effort is being used to restore Mexican wolves to their historic range in the southwestern United States.
 
Mexican gray wolves are the southernmost occurring, rarest and most genetically distinct type of gray wolf in North America. They once lived in the mountainous regions of the Southwest from central Mexico throughout portions of southern Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. Mexican wolves, or lobos as they were called by the Spanish speaking people, were extirpated by aggressive predator control programs.
 
Until recently Mexican wolves only existed in captivity. In March 1998, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service released three Mexican wolf packs into the Apache National Forest in eastern Arizona. These wolves are the first to exist in the wild in the United States since 1970, when the last Mexican wolf was killed. Reintroductions will continue for 3 to 5 years with the goal of establishing 100 wolves in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico. Like the Yellowstone and Idaho wolves, the reintroduced Mexican wolf population has been designated a non-essential, experimental population, providing for greater management flexibility to address the concerns of local residents.
 
Wolf recovery efforts represent an opportunity to redress past mistakes and enhance our understanding not only of wolves themselves, but also the complex interactions among species in their natural environments.
 
 
 
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Endangered Red Wolves: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 
 

On the Edge of Extinction
 
The red wolf is one of the most endangered animals in the world. It is a shy species that once roamed throughout the Southeast as a top predator. Aggressive predator control programs and clearing of forested habitat combined to cause impacts that brought the red wolf to the brink of extinction. By 1970, the entire population of red wolves was believed to be less than 100 animals confined to a small area of coastal Texas and Louisiana.
 
To save the species from extinction, the Service captured as many as possible of the few remaining animals from 1974 through 1980. Only 14 captured animals met the criteria established to define the species and stood between its existence and extinction. These animals formed the nucleus of a captive-breeding program established at the Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium in Tacoma, Washington, with the final goal of reestablishing the species in portions of its original southeastern range. Thirty-three zoos and nature centers in 21 states and the District of Columbia now cooperate in a national breeding program and are valuable partners in efforts to restore red wolves.
 
Back in the Wild
 
The red wolf is now back in the wild, hunting, rearing young, and communicating by its characteristic howl, in several locations in its original southeastern habitats. Since 1987, red wolves have been released into northeastern North Carolina and now roam over more than 560,000 acres that includes three national wildlife refuges, a U.S. Air Force bombing range, and approximately 200,000 acres of private land. Beginning in 1991, red wolves were also released into the 520,000-acre Great Smoky Mountains National Park in eastern Tennessee.
 
Other red wolves have been released on coastal islands in Florida, Mississippi, and South Carolina as a steppingstone between captivity and the wild. Although these islands are not large enough to provide for the needs of more than a few red wolves at a time, they provide the opportunity for them to breed and exist in the wild in order to produce animals for future mainland reintroductions.
 
Why reintroduce red wolves?
 
The essential reasons are to prevent extinction of the species and to restore the ecosystems in which red wolves once occurred. It is important to save all members of an ecosystem, including predators, if we intend to preserve the environment and be good stewards of the land. Predators maintain the balance and health of ecosystems by controlling overpopulations of prey species and removing unhealthy animals. The Act requires recovery plans for endangered species. The recovery population goal in the Red Wolf Recovery Plan is 550 (at least three wild populations totaling 220 and 330 in captivity at 30 or more facilities).
 
Lessons learned in the Red Wolf Recovery Program have served, and will continue to serve, as a template for recovery of other species whose only hope for survival is reintroduction.
 
What do red wolves look like?
 
Red wolves are mostly brown and buff colored with some black along their backs; there is sometimes a reddish color behind their ears, on their muzzle, and toward the backs of their legs. Red wolves are intermediate in size between gray wolves and coyotes. The average adult female red wolf weighs 52 pounds and the average adult male weighs 61 pounds. Red wolves have tall, pointed ears, long legs, and large feet, similar to the domestic German shepherd. Adult red wolves stand about 26 inches at the shoulder and are about 4 feet long from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail.
 
Since coyotes exist in both red wolf reintroduction areas (northeastern North Carolina and eastern Tennessee), it is important for people to know the physical differences between the two species. Adult coyotes weigh about one-half to two thirds as much as red wolves and stand approximately 4 inches shorter; coyotes are much less massive through the head, chest, legs, and feet.
 
Did red wolves ever exist in North Carolina and Tennessee?
 
Based on fossil and archaeological evidence, the original red wolf range extended throughout the Southeast, from the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, north to the Ohio River valley and central Pennsylvania, and west to central Texas and southeastern Missouri. At least one archaeological specimen has been found in North Carolina. In addition, court records from eastern North Carolina document that wolf bounties were paid from 1768 to 1789.
 
Do red wolves hybridize with coyotes?
 
Red wolves, gray wolves, domestic dogs, and coyotes are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. Social structures and territoriality usually prevent such interbreeding. Due to the widespread persecution of predators and the destruction of suitable habitat, by the 1960s the number of red wolves was dwindling, and coyotes had migrated into the Southeast.
 
When the few remaining red wolves were unable to find mates of their own species hybridization with more abundant coyotes did occur. This hybridization is generally accepted as the final factor that resulted in the near extinction of the red wolf.
 
In reintroductions, instances of red wolves breeding with coyotes have occurred that involved lone red wolves that did not have access to potential red wolf mates. Similar breedings between gray wolves and coyotes also occur. It is believed that limited interbreeding between wolves and coyotes on the fringes of wolf populations is a natural occurrence that does not affect the integrity of either species.
 
However, where wolf populations are small and isolated, as in restorations, intensive management may be needed to ensure that availability of mates of their own species. We conclude that, given a choice, red wolves prefer red wolves as mates.
 
How many red wolves are there?
 
Red wolf numbers continually change due to births and deaths. At the end of August 1997, the total population was 240 to 317. Wild populations numbered 54 to 129, with 45 to 92 of these animals occurring in eastern North Carolina and the other 9 to 37 occurring in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in eastern Tennessee. Another 11 to 13 red wolves existed on three island propagation sites off the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. The remaining 175 red wolves were located at 35 captive-breeding facilities involving 33 cooperators.
 
How does the Service keep track of the wolves?
 
Each red wolf that is captured or released is outfitted with a radio transmitter that emits pulse signals or “beeps” that biologists can read with a radio receiver. These signals enable the biologists to locate the wolves. The frequency of locations varies from once or twice daily to once a week, depending on specific circumstances.
 
Are red wolves a threat to humans?
 
There have been no documented cases of healthy wild red wolves attacking humans in North America, despite 500 years of historical coexistence. Wild red wolves are shy and usually stay away from humans and human activities.
 
However, wolves are capable of attacking and injuring humans, and such encounters with Native Americans may have occurred before the use of modern weapons and the resulting fear of man by wolves. Although unlikely to be a threat to humans, red wolves, and all wildlife, should not be approached in order to avoid possible injury to the animal or the people involved.
 
What do red wolves eat?
 
Although the exact diet of red wolves is difficult to determine and varies depending on available prey, a study of approximately 2,200 scats (feces) of wild red wolves from northeastern North Carolina estimated that their diet consisted of about 50 percent white-tailed deer, 30 percent raccoons, and 20 percent small mammals, such as rabbits, rodents, and nutria. Nonmammalian prey, domestic pets, and livestock were uncommon as prey items, but they did occur in very low numbers (less than 2 percent). A red wolf consumes about two to five pounds of food per day.
 
Do red wolves live and/or hunt in packs?
 
A “pack” is simply defined as an extended family unit, which is the primary social structure of both red and gray wolves. A typical red wolf pack consists of five to eight animals -- an “alpha” or breeding adult pair and offspring of different years. The alpha wolves are the only breeders in the pack; wolves breed once a year.
 
Wolf packs have specific home ranges that they actively defend against other canids, including wolves. The pack is a very closely knit group; in fact, older offspring assist the alpha pair with den attendance and pup rearing. Almost all offspring between
1 and 3 years of age will leave the pack or “disperse.”
 
Since the red wolf's diet does not consist of large ungulates, such as elk, bison, or moose, group or pack hunting is probably not necessary. Most hunting by red wolves is believed to be done individually or in pairs.
 
What does a red wolf on private land mean to the landowner?
 
All wild red wolves are classified as experimental nonessential under the Act. This designation is intended to minimize effects on individual landowner rights or lawful activities, such as farming, logging, hunting, trapping, or livestock operations. In fact, critical habitat cannot be legally established for experimental nonessential species. In the case of livestock or domestic pet depredation, relaxed regulations were passed in April of 1995 allowing landowners to take (kill) red wolves while depredation is occurring, provided that freshly wounded livestock or pets are evident.
 
There are also mechanisms for landowners to be paid if they choose to become involved with red wolf recovery or if they suffer depredations on their livestock or pets. Red wolves generate benefits for landowners by preying on species such as deer, raccoons, and nutria that can be pests on farms. Additionally, the presence of a pack of red wolves is likely to limit the distribution of coyotes in that area.
 
Private lands are an integral component of the Red Wolf Recovery Program. In eastern North Carolina, private lands provide only about 35 percent of the available habitat but support over 65 percent of the red wolf population. While it is clear that private lands are crucial to this and other endangered species programs, the challenge is to find ways to make it work in a manner that is expedient and fair to all.
 
 
 
Historic Time Line for the Endangered Red Wolf
 
 
 
October 1997
 
 
1791 Red wolf first described by Bartram.

1851 First publication of valid scientific name for red wolf by Audubon and Bachman.

1905 First recognition of red wolf as a distinct species by Bailey.

1937 First recognition of three subspecies of red wolf by Goldman.

1962 Scientific community informed by McCarley that red wolf is in danger of extinction.

1967 Red wolf listed as an endangered species under provisions of the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966.

1968 Service begins a study of the red wolf in southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana.

1969 First red wolf placed into captivity initiating the red wolf captive breeding center at PDZA.

1971 Study on the brains of canids by Atkins and Dillon confirms distinctiveness and primitive characteristics of red wolf.

1973 Endangered Species Act becomes Federal law. First red wolf recovery plan completed and implementation begins. In a race against extinction, an all-out effort to capture wild red wolves for captive-breeding program begins.

1977 First litter of red wolf pups born in captivity at PDZA.

1978 First successful experimental release, tracking, and recapture of red wolves on Bulls Island, South Carolina, solidifies reintroduction techniques. Nowak’s definitive work on taxonomy of North American Canis entitled “North American Quaternary Canis” is published. This work retains Goldman’s classification in regard to the red wolf. Evaluation of Land Between The Lakes in Tennessee and Kentucky for first red wolf reintroduction project begins.

1980 Last red wolves removed from the wild and red wolf declared extinct in the wild. Unique allele found by Ferrell et al. in Canis specimens from within red wolf range supports conclusion that red wolf is a distinct species.

1984 Red wolf recovery plan revised, updated, and approved. Red wolf incorporated into AZA’s SSP. Land Between The Lakes red wolf reintroduction project abandoned due to lack of public and state support. ARNWR established on land in northeastern North Carolina donated to the Service by Prudential Insurance Company.

1987 First reintroduction begins with the release of red wolves into ARNWR. First island propagation project begins on Bulls Island in attempt to give red wolves some wild experience before release into mainland reintroductions.

1988 First litter of red wolf pups born in the wild at ARNWR.

1989 Second island propagation project initiated by the release of red wolves on Horn Island off the coast of Mississippi.

1990 Third island propagation project begins by releasing red wolves on St. Vincent Island off the Gulf Coast of Florida. PLNWR established on land within red wolf experimental population boundaries in eastern North Carolina.

1991 Second reintroduction project started by the release of red wolves into GSMNP. Wayne and colleagues publish mtDNA results suggesting that the red wolf may be of hybrid origin. American Sheep Industry Association files petition to delist red wolf based on mtDNA results.

1992 Second-generation red wolf pups born in the wild at ARNWR. 1991 petition request to delist the red wolf found unwarranted by Service.

1993 Red wolves released into PLNWR. First red wolves born in the wild in GSMNP.

1994 Wayne and colleagues publish first nuclear DNA results suggesting, once again, that the red wolf may be of hybrid origin.

1995 Attitude survey by North Carolina State University shows majority of residents in eastern North Carolina support red wolf reintroduction. Amendment to Interior Appropriation Bill introduced in Senate to suspend all funding for Red Wolf Recovery Program. Amendment narrowly defeated. North Carolina law to allow taking of red wolves on private property in two counties goes into effect. Revised relaxed Federal regulations published addressing private landowner concerns about reintroduced red wolves. National Wilderness Institute files petition to delist red wolf based on nuclear DNA results.

1996 Economic study by Cornell University shows strong regional support for red wolf recovery, substantial potential tourism benefits, and a significant willingness of the public to pay for red wolf recovery that far exceeds the cost of the program. Wild-born red wolves comprise approximately 90 percent of the free-ranging northeastern North Carolina red wolf population. Study by East Carolina University shows strong local support for red wolf recovery in northeastern North Carolina and a willingness to contribute financially to support the program.

1997 1995 petition request to delist the red wolf found unwarranted by Service. Two North Carolina counties and two individuals file suit to invalidate federal regulations regarding the red wolf. Fourth island propagation project initiated on Cape St. George Island off the Gulf Coast of Florida.
 
 
Key to Acronyms
 
 
ARNWR - Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina
 
AZA - American Zoo and Aquarium Association
 
GSMNP - Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee
 
mtDNA - Mitochondrial DNA
 
PDZA - Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium, Tacoma, Washington
 
PLNWR - Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina
 
SSP - Species Survival Plan
 
 
 
Red Wolf Coordinator
V. Gary Henry
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
160 Zillicoa Street
Asheville, NC 28801
704-258-3939, extension 226
Fax: 704-258-5330
 
Red Wolf Field Coordinator/ Northeastern North Carolina Project
Brian Kelly
Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge
P.O. Box 1969 Manteo, NC 27954
919-473-1131
Fax: 919-473-1668
 
Red Wolf Captive Breeding Coordinator
Will Waddell
Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium
5400 North Pearl Street
Tacoma, WA 98407
253-404-3668
Fax: 253-591-5448
 
Southern Appalachians Project
Chris Lucash
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
10241 Park Circle Drive
Townsend, TN 37882
423-448-6835
Fax: 423-448-6835
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
1 800-344-WILD
 
 
 
 
 
[U.S.] FWS Publications Online